<p>The Swanberg Dredge is one of several gold mining dredges that dot the landscape near Nome, Alaska. Also known as the Johnson-Pohl Dredge, this one is located at about mile marker 1 of the Nome-Council Highway just inside the city limits. The dredge stands in a pond about 200 ft north of the highway in a small pond. It has a barge-like hull with a mostly single-story superstructure, and measures about 60 x, with a draft of 6 ft. Its metal frame bow gantry extends about 5 ft, and has a digging ladder 40 ft long. The dredge was built in San Francisco, California, shipped to Nome, and placed in operation in 1946 by Walter Johnson. The economics associated with the cost of its construction and shipment, as compared to the price of gold, worked against Johnson, who only operated it for a single season before it was seized by a local bank. It has sat in place since then, typifying the sometimes hard-luck small-time mining operations of the area.</p><br>
<p>The dredge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Heineys Meat Market, also known as Corodonns Meat Market Restaurant, is a former meat market and adjacent house located in the town of Black Earth, Wisconsin. The initial house was built in 1869, with later additions, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Victorian-style residential building was purchased by German immigrant David W. Heiney as he was traveling from Pennsylvania to Mazomanie to visit his father. David and his wife Emma were on their honeymoon. Heiney purchased the property from Henry Piper and made extensive improvements. He added a floor to the residence, and in 1888 opened Heiney&#39;s Meat Market in the basement. The business was immediately successful.</p><br>
<p>The market space was expanded in 1911 with a one-story addition. Additional buildings followed, including an icehouse, chicken coops, a lard rendering operation, a smokehouse, and a horse barn; of these, only the latter two buildings remain. The brick house was added in 1922 by David&#39;s son Ervin Heiney.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, Heineys Meat Market was the site of a "secret meeting" to help Madisons newspaper The Capital Times, which was facing a boycott due to its political views. The meeting raised over $900 in stock pledges, which helped keep the newspaper afloat.</p><br>
<p>After David died in 1926, Ervin and his brother Wilford continued to run the meat market. By the time Ervin retired in the 1960&#39;s, it was the oldest family-owned business in town. After the last of the Heiney family died in 1967, the space was sold and converted to a television repair shop, then subsequently remained vacant for a while.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 Carol Moeller and Donna Obright purchased the property. They initially opened it as an antique shop, but soon after (in 1979) they renovated the property into a cocktail lounge and restaurant known as Corodonn&#39;s Meat Market.</p><br>
<p>It was Moeller and Obright who got the property listed on the National Register in 1984, after two years of research and red tape. It was listed under the name Heiney&#39;s Meat Market, after the original butcher shop owner. It was the first property in Black Earth to be named to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 the restaurant was purchased by new owners. In 2014 after 20 years of operation, they decided to sell the place, but had difficulty in finding buyers. In 2015-2016, the property was converted to apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Commercial District is a historic district in Dothan, Alabama. The district covers 18 acres  and portions of 6 blocks in Dothan&#39;s historic commercial district. At the time of the nomination, it contained 68 contributing properties, however many have been demolished in the intervening years.</p><br>
<p>Dothan was founded on the site of Poplar Head Springs, which was an important crossroads in the Muscogee lands. Logging was the areas first major industry, but did not develop until after the Civil War. Settlers began building saw mills and blacksmith shops, and encouraged commercial development by donating land and bricks to new settlers. The town was incorporated in 1885, and began a period of great expansion with the coming of the Alabama Midland Railway in 1889. The oldest buildings in the district date from the 1900s, including the three-story Wadlington Hotel (built 1900, demolished 2012) and the Neoclassical First National Bank (1907). Several brick warehouses were also constructed along the railroad line. A symbol of the towns rapid growth, a five-story office building was completed in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Cotton had replaced lumber as the economic engine of the region, but the boll weevil outbreak of the 1910s sent Dothan into a recession. Fewer buildings date from beyond this period, including the Malone Motor Company Building (1923) and the Kress Building (1928). The importance of the downtown core declined after the 1960s, as retail establishments relocated to outlying areas.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Decatur Historic District is a residential historic district in western Decatur, Illinois. The district encompasses the city&#39;s historic Near West and Southwest neighborhoods and was formed beginning in the 1850s and continuing through the 1920s. Nearly all of the popular architectural styles from this period are represented in the district. A number of professional architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, designed homes in the district, giving it exceptionally high-quality architecture. The earlier houses mainly have Italianate designs; several Gothic Revival buildings from this period are also included. The Queen Anne and Classical Revival styles were popular in houses built in the late 19th century, though Romanesque and Tudor Revival houses were also designed in this period. The early 20th century brought the district the Colonial Revival style and several independent styles associated with the more prominent architects such as Wright.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1976.</p><br>
<p>St Pauls Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at Cross Street, Cleveland, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by James Furnival and built in 1873; it was extended in 1924 to a design by Lange Leopold Powell. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This small brick church was constructed in 1873-1874 for the Anglican congregation in Cleveland, on land donated in 1870 by George Thorn of Ipswich. Prior to this, services were held on the verandahs of the former Court House (c.1853) (now Ye Olde Court House Restaurant) and the Grandview Hotel (c.1852).</p><br>
<p>St Pauls was the first Anglican church constructed at Cleveland. St Andrews Church, at nearby Ormiston, was constructed, but remained a private chapel for the use of the Hope family and employees, until transferred to the Anglican Church in 1882.</p><br>
<p>The Cleveland church was designed by Brisbane architect and engineer James T Furnival, and was erected at a cost of nearly £500. The first service was held in 1874 and the church was consecrated on St Paul&#39;s Day (25 January), 1876. The first resident minister was appointed in 1877, and boundaries to the Parish of Cleveland were defined in 1878.</p><br>
<p>In 1898 the exterior walls, which were probably face brick work, were rendered. Asbestos roofing slates were substituted for the original wooden shingles in 1908, and an earlier weatherboarded and buttressed spire was replaced by the present structure in the same year.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, as a golden jubilee project, a porch designed by Brisbane architect Lange Leopold Powell was added, and some work was carried out to the foundations. It is not known if the weatherboard vestry removed in the early 1980s from the southern elevation of the chancel was part of the original construction. A free standing belfry, a picket fence and Norfolk Island pines have been removed as well.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, a new church was constructed adjacent to the 1873-1874 building. The earlier building is now principally a venue for youth activities.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This is a small brick church, now rough-cast and limewashed. Seen framed by spreading figs from the road approaching Cleveland Point, it is a simple gothic buttressed form with a heavier polygonal porch.</p><br>
<p>An octagonal spire stands on the southwest end of the ridge of a steep gabled roof, clad in asbestos cement slates. The spire, with pinnacle clad in smaller slates, has a lancet louvered vent to each face.</p><br>
<p>All windows in the original church and chancel are lancet shaped. There are four tall windows each side of the nave. The northeast chancel, attached under a smaller gable, is end-lit by three stained glass windows. A smaller window is placed under the main gable, centrally above the chancel roof. In the southwest wall there are windows either side of the porch, and a smaller one, central above the porch roof.</p><br>
<p>The porch, in rendered concrete, has more elaborate stepped buttresses, a hardboard ceiling and a concrete floor. A rectangular window, facing southwest, incorporates a pair of dominant lancet panes.</p><br>
<p>The position of the former vestry roof, on the southeast, is indicated by marks on the external render. A timber door leading from the church to the former vestry has been removed and the opening brick-filled and rendered.</p><br>
<p>Internally, moulded timber trusses span a nave of four bays. Moulded plaster surrounds frame the chancel arch. Walls are of white-washed plaster, with recent varnished vertical boarding around the walls of the nave. The ceiling is of beaded tongue and groove boarding.</p><br>
<p>The stone font, now painted, stands outside in a paved area, with low garden walls and planting contemporary with the adjacent 1980s church.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Pauls Anglican Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Pauls Anglican Church, Cleveland, erected in 1873-74, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history, being associated with early European settlement at Cleveland, and with post-separation expansion of the Anglican Church in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a small, gothic-styled brick church of the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, including its picturesque form and its setting in the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The Teller Mission Orphanage was a historic orphanage and mission house located at Corner of Post Officer Road and Tuksuk Street in Brevig Mission, Alaska. This small community was established in 1891 as a station for the importation of reindeer from Siberia to supplement the diet of the local Alaska Native population. The reindeer station was taken over in 1900 by the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran church, which also undertook to operate a school and orphanage at the site. The 1-1/2-story wood frame building was built in 1917, replacing the original orphanage built in 1907 by Rev. Toleef Larson Brevig, for whom the community is named. It was about 28 x, with a gable roof, weatherboard siding, and a metal roof. At the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001, it had been standing vacant for about 20 years. The building is no more standing as of September 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Temple Intervale School, also known as the District No. 5 Schoolhouse, is a historic one-room district schoolhouse at Intervale and Day Mountain Roads in Temple, Maine. Built in 1810–11, it is one of the oldest surviving schoolhouses in western Maine, and one of its longest-used, with a recorded history of academic usage extending to 1958. The building is now maintained by the local historical society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The small town of Temple is located at the end of Maine State Route 43, northwest of Farmington, Maine. The Intervale School is set at the northern corner of the junction of Intervale Road and Day Mountain Road, a short way north of the village center. It is a simple single-story wood frame structure, with a side-gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Its main facade is three bays wide, with sash windows in the two right bays, and the doorway in the left bay. To the right is an attached passageway leading to a small shed, with similar finish. The roof is topped by a small open belfry.</p><br>
<p>The town of Temple was settled in the 1790s, in part by migrants from Temple, New Hampshire. In 1810 the town meeting authorized the construction of this building, and it was here that the 1811 town meeting was held. The building was used as a school until 1958, believed to be the longest use of such a building for academic purposes in the state. The building is now maintained by the local historical society.</p><br>
<p>Raventhorp is a historic summerhouse in Southwest Harbor, Maine. It is prominently situated at the northern tip of Greening Island, which is set at the mouth of Somes Sound, the inlet dividing Mount Desert Island, between the villages of Southwest Harbor and Northeast Harbor. It was designed by the partnership of Fred L. Savage and Milton W. Stratton and built in 1895 for Joseph Gilbert Thorp and Anne Longfellow Thorp. The Shingle style house is an important surviving example of this collaboration, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Greening Island is located off the southern coast of Mount Desert Island roughly midway between the villages of Southwest Harbor and Northeast Harbor at the mouth of Somes Sound, a long narrow inlet that divides Mount Desert Island into two large lobes. Raventhorp is located on 8.7 acre of land at the northern tip of the island. The main house is set very near the tip, facing north. It is a large 2-1/2 story Shingle style structure, with a wraparound porch that has sunrooms enclosed in glass at its eastern and western ends. The porch has a shallow hip roof supported by clusters (twos and threes) of square columns. The main block of the house has a variety of gables, projections, and recessed sections typical of the Shingle style. The eastern facade has a prominent high rubble-stone foundation, and a projecting polygonal bay that rises through the main roof to a turreted roof of its own. The interior features extensive original woodwork, from paneling in the public spaces to cabinetry in the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Raventhorp is a significant surviving example of the collaboration of architects Fred L. Savage and Milton W. Stratton. Savage was a well-known architect based primarily in Bar Harbor who executed a number of designs for summer cottages and hotels on Mount Desert Island. From 1892 to 1898 he partnered with Stratton, about whom little is known. This summer house was built in 1895 for Joseph Gilbert Thorp and Anne Longfellow Thorp, he a prominent Boston lawyer and she the daughter of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The house remained in the Thorp family until 1981.</p><br>
<p>The French Hospital was founded in 1718 in Finsbury on behalf of poor French Protestants and their descendants residing in Great Britain. In the 1860s it moved into the spectacular purpose-built hospital designed by Robert Lewis Roumieu in Victoria Park, Hackney, and then in the 1940s moved out of London to Compton&#39;s Lea, Horsham, West Sussex. Since 1959 it has been located in Rochester, Kent and today provides almshouse accommodation for Huguenot descendants.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>Affectionately known as La Providence from as early as the 1720s, the hospital for poor French Protestants and their descendants was one of the earliest foundations to improve the welfare of London’s needy immigrants, and one of the first in Britain to provide sympathetic care for the mentally ill.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Acre, Finsbury</h3><br>
<p>The French Hospital, near Old Street, Finsbury (oil on canvas, artist unknown, c. 1860)</p><br>
<p>In his will proved on 2 December 1708, Jacques de Gastigny, who had been Master of the Hounds to King William III, left £1,000 to improve the pest-house to the north of Old Street in the parish of St Giles without Cripplegate and provide an annual revenue which "shall be employed to ffurnish Bedds, Linnen and Cloths and other necessities of the said poor ffrench Protestants who shall be in the said place". This set in train the establishment of the French Hospital that was to be a forerunner of health and welfare institutions set up in England in the eighteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Philippe Ménard, executor of Jacques de Gastigny&#39;s estate, served as secretary for an appeal to supplement the bequest. The appeal was so successful that the idea grew not merely to build an extension to the Cripplegate pest-house but to build a brand new hospital. The French Hospital was incorporated under the Great Seal by letters patent dated 24 July 1718. The corporation chose as its own seal an image of Elijah being fed by the ravens (1 Kings 17:6), with the motto Dominus providebit ("The Lord will provide"). An inventory of the contents of the hospital from 1742 survives.</p><br>
<p>By the early nineteenth century, the number of inmates of the hospital had fallen and the buildings in Finsbury were in urgent need of restoration. Rather than rebuilding the hospital on its Bath Street site, it was decided to find a new London location.</p><br>
<h3>Victoria Park, Hackney</h3><br>
<p>When the new hospital in Hackney opened in 1865 the Builder claimed it had been modelled on the Château de Chambord. The architect, Robert Lewis Roumieu, who had generously waived his fee for his drawings, was for a while the hospital&#39;s treasurer. Besides being a hospital for its sixty inmates, with state-of-the-art equipment, it also consolidated a revival of interest in Huguenot history and achievement and became a repository for Huguenot records and items with a Huguenot tradition.</p><br>
<p>In 1941 the inmates were evacuated and the French Hospital building was requisitioned as a day nursery for mothers doing war work, although the Court Room and Library were retained. With the growth and consolidation of state health and welfare after the war, the directors decided that the hospitals future lay as an almshouse in a new location. Roumieus building was sold and became St Victoire School for Girls. Since 2014 the building has been home to the Mossbourne Victoria Park Academy.</p><br>
<h3>Compton's Lea, Horsham</h3><br>
<p>A fine Victorian house standing in its own ten acres was bought in 1947. But occupancy was too low and the hospital was running at a loss, although the situation was redeemed by revenue from other property owned by the hospital. The idea of "conversion into almshouses of a square of small houses off Rochester High Street" tentatively suggested a few years earlier now found favour at the directors&#39; court of April 1956 and the project "to use Theobald Square as homes for old people" was to proceed.</p><br>
<h2>French Hospital today</h2><br>
<h3>La Providence, Rochester</h3><br>
<p>In September 1959 the first nineteen flats on Theobald Square now officially renamed La Providence in the cathedral city of Rochester were filled. The doctors house at 105 High Street was renumbered 41 La Providence. Today the French Hospitals main duty is still to provide care "for those among us who are in distress".</p><br>
<p>Over the years many distinguished Huguenot settlers or their descendants have been associated with the hospital, from the soldiers Henri de Massue de Ruvigny, Earl of Galway and John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier (both of whom served as governors of the hospital), to the diplomatist John Robethon and the surgeon Paul Buissière (both also governors), to the lawyer Sir Samuel Romilly and the archaeologist Sir Austen Henry Layard. The ivory carver died there in 1726.</p><br>
<p>Successive Earls of Radnor were governors of the hospital from the eighteenth century to 2015.</p><br>
<h3>Huguenot Museum</h3><br>
<p>A new Huguenot Museum, which displays the collections of the French Hospital, was opened on 13 May 2015 in Rochester, Kent, with support from the Heritage Lottery Fund and individual donations.</p><br>
<p>The Bločice Karst Field  is a dry karst field in Inner Carniola.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Bločice Karst Field lies near the village of Bločice, east of the Cerknica Karst Field, west of the village of Bloška Polica, and south of the Bloke Plateau. Several karst springs are located on the east side of the karst field, and Cold Cave (Mrzla jama) is located at the southern edge. Cold Cave is one of only three known habitats in Slovenia of the vulnerable freshwater snail. The catchment area of the karst field belongs to the Bloke Plateau.</p><br>
<p>The Bločice Karst Field has a mosaic-like cultural landscape of alternating tilled fields and pastures, orchards, and isolated trees, with a clear forested margin. It has been registered as cultural heritage and new construction in the karst field is prohibited.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Historic District is a national historic district located at Liberty, Randolph County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 48 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Liberty. It includes buildings built between about 1880 to about 1950 and notable examples of Queen Anne and Colonial Revival architecture. Notable buildings include the Liberty Depot , Reitzel Building , the Farmers Union Mercantile Co. Building , the Curtis Theater , Bob Patterson House, the A.J. Patterson House, the Bascom M. and Alpha L. Brower House , J.C. Luther House, the Clarence Kennedy House , and Hardins Florist .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Rob Roy Glacier is a small hanging glacier in the Southern Alps of New Zealand&#39;s South Island. It is located within the Mount Aspiring National Park, 9 km south of Mount Aspiring / Tititea.</p><br>
<p>The glacier covers the steep slopes of the mountains surrounding the head of the Rob Roy Valley. The most prominent part of the glacier is on the northwestern side of the valley on the slopes below the 2,644 m tall Rob Roy Peak. This part of the glacier extends from just below Rob Roy Peak down to a bench high on the valleys side where it abruptly breaks over the cliffs edge at around 1,500 m.</p><br>
<p>The glacier covers most of the headwalls encircling the valley, except the eastern side where the bordering peaks are all just below 2,000 m. The spring melt causes frequent small avalanches, and seracs breaking off the glacier&#39;s terminal face on the northwestern side of the valley. Bigger blocks of ice can tumble and crash all the way to the valley floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the distant past, Rob Roy Glacier extended not only to fill all of the Rob Roy Valley, but flowed into the large Matukituki Glacier at the peak of the last ice age around 20,000 years ago. The Matukituki Glacier later combined with the Wanaka Glacier, also non-existent anymore, to form a continuous river of ice all the way down the Clutha Valley to close to where Cromwell is now. Now all that remains of Rob Roy Glacier is a hanging glacier at the valley head.</p><br>
<p>The Rob Roy Valley leading out into the Matukituki Valley is now covered with lush beech forest and an open understory of ferns and mosses. The forest supports small birds such as fantail, tomtit and rifleman, while above the tree line kea can be heard and seen regularly.</p><br>
<p>Rob Roy Peak was named after Scottish hero Rob Roy MacGregor when the first Europeans began exploring this area and began farming in the Matukituki Valley in the 1870s.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Rob Roy Glacier has a history of attracting expeditions and tourists for over 100 years.</p><br>
<p>The Rob Roy Valley Track is a popular walk of 3-4 hours return and leads to a sub-alpine basin at the valley head and a lookout across the valley to Rob Roy Glacier. Apart from the drive to get there, it is the most easily accessible glacier in the region. About 20,000 people visit Rob Roy Glacier per year. The walking track starts at the Raspberry Creek car park and shelter at the end of the Wanaka Mount Aspiring Road, which is unsealed for the last 30 km and a "fine weather only" road for the very last 10 kilometres, crossing seven fords.</p><br>
<p>The track starts off on farmland and then crosses the Matukituki River via a swing bridge before following Rob Roy Stream to climb 330 m up into the Rob Roy Valley. The end point is a lookout just above the tree line overlooking the valley head and across the valley to Rob Roy Glacier dramatically breaking over the rock ledge towering high above on the other side of the valley.</p><br>
<p>Avalanches and ice blocks breaking off the glacier&#39;s terminal face are a regular sight in spring, and kea can often be heard and seen flying above. Also clearly visible are the 261 m tall Rob Roy Falls, free-falling down a sheer cliff face south of Rob Roy Glacier. On cold sunny days, the meltwater from the glacier and snow on the sunlit slopes above can re-freeze as it falls through the cold air in the shade of the cliff, depositing again as ice and snow at the base of the waterfall.</p><br>
<p>The walking track is publicly accessible for independent walking, but can also be done as part of a guided tour from Wanaka. A regular shuttle service for trampers is also available, as Raspberry Creek shelter is also the start of longer hiking trails into Mount Aspiring National Park.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, wingsuit flier David Walden leapt from a cliff at the top of Rob Roy Low Peak (2560 m) and was the first person to fly over Rob Roy Glacier and into the valley below via BASE jumping.</p><br>
<p>The Kromberg Barn is a historic barn on East Pond Road in Smithfield, Maine. With an estimated construction date of the 1810s, it is one of the oldest barns in the area, and is architecturally rare as an example of a gambrel-roof barn built using older framing methods associated with traditional English barns. The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The barn is set on the east side of East Pond Road, on a large parcel of land opposite number 462, in the rural central interior Maine community of Smithfield. This land was probably first settled in 1810 by Benjamin Stevens. Stevens transferred the land, with his "homestead farm", to Oliver Stevens in 1853. Based on architectural evidence, it is likely that the barn was built early in Stevens&#39; ownership of the property. After several ownership transfers, the land was owned for much of the first half of the 20th century by members of the Kromberg family.</p><br>
<p>The barn is set close to (within about 20 ft) the roadway, and is oriented with its gambreled gable roof perpendicular to the road. It measures about 30.5 x, and is set on a foundation of piled fieldstones. Its walls are clad in wooden shingles, and most of its roof is corrugated metal; one steep side has wooden shingles. It is topped by a small louvered cupola with a metal roof, weathervane, and spire. The front facade has a main opening, which has a pair of vertical-board sliding doors, large enough to admit a laden wagon. There are small square windows on either side, and a pedestrian entrance at the far right. At the second level there are two sash windows, with a single sash at the third level near the gable peak.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the barn has three aisles, separating areas used for different functions. The main framing of the barn is hand-hewn timbers with posts that have a gunstock shape, and are connected to transverse beams via plates. This construction method, more normally found in older (or traditionally-built) English barns, is relatively rare in Maines gambrel-roofed barns, most of which were built later in the 19th or early 20th centuries. This buildings gambrel roof is a conventional frame construction that probably replaced the original gable roof in the 1920s during a major renovation that also relocated the posts of the center aisle.</p><br>
<p>Redwood is a historic summer house at 10 Barberry Lane in Bar Harbor, Maine. Designed by William Ralph Emerson and built in 1879, it was the first Shingle style house built in Bar Harbor, and is one of the oldest of the style in the nation. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Redwood is set near the southeastern end of Barberry Lane, south of the main village of Bar Harbor, on a point north of Cromwell Cove that overlooks Frenchman Bay. It is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame structure with a roughly cruciform plan, set on a fieldstone foundation. It has a long north-south axis with roughly centered projections to the east (facing the water) and the west (facing toward the street). The western projection is gabled-roofed, with a second-floor chamber set above a porte-cochere which shelters the main entrance. To its right a tall two-story window rises to a small gabled peak, with an elaborately-decorated brick Queen Anne style chimney to its right. The eastern projection has a polygonal shape, with a semi-pyramidal roofline. The southern elevation has a recessed Palladian window set in a half-timbered upper section. An enclosed single-story polygonal porch projects from the southeast corner of the building. The interior of the house is richly decorated with woodwork.</p><br>
<p>Bar Harbor began to develop a reputation as a summer resort area in the 1860s, with its early tourist trade served by local residents boarding visitors in their houses, and by hotels that were built to meet the demand. In the 1870s wealthy visitors began building private houses. C. J. Morrill, a wealthy Bostonian, commissioned William Ralph Emerson to design this house, which was completed in 1879. This was the first (of many) residential commission Emerson executed in the Bar Harbor area, and was his first full expression of the Shingle style, whose oldest known example is the 1875 William Watts Sherman House in Newport, Rhode Island, designed by H. H. Richardson.</p><br>
<p>The Rocca di Novara  is a peak in the Peloritani mountains, situated in the northeastern part of Sicily, between the territories of Novara di Sicilia and Fondachelli-Fantina. It has an elevation of 1,340 meters above sea level. It resembles a Dolomites peak and because of this and the panoramic view from its summit it is a popular mountain with tourists. A summit cross with a figure of Jesus lies at its top. An annual pilgrimage to the summit is made by Christians on 18 August to celebrate a mass. Pits used by ancient people to collect snow for the summer remain on its slopes.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the mountain resemble a human face from a particular point of view and the ancient legend of buried treasure on it, discoverable by those who pass a series of trials, gives it an air of mystery. The mountain has been granted Site of Community Importance status.</p><br>
<p>The William Welch House is a historic house on Main Street in Canehill, Arkansas. It is a 1-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof, chimneys at the sides, and additions to the rear giving it a rough T shape. A gable-roofed portico shelters the entrance, which is centered in the main three-bay facade. The porticos gable, along with the houses gable ends and roofline, have been decorated with scalloped woodwork, probably added in the 1870s. The house itself was probably built in the 1850s, and is one of Canehill&#39;s few antebellum houses, offering a distinctive combination of vernacular Greek Revival and later Victorian stylistic touches.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Waterman-Archer House is a historic house at 2148 Markham in Fayetteville, Arkansas. It is a single-story Tudor Revival brick structure, whose shape is that of an H missing an arm . To the front, it presents two gable-ended projecting sections, joined by a central portion with its roof ridge running parallel to the street. The right gable section has a large multipane window, with a trio of decorative square elements at the gable peak. The entry is found at the left side of the center section, with a window beside. Another large multipane window adorns the left gable section. The house was built in 1929, and is a distinctive local example of Tudor Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Owain Glyndŵr&#39;s Parliament House  was traditionally the building where Owain Glyndŵr held a parliament after being crowned Prince of Wales in 1404. The origins of this structure are probably later. The existing building may be 15th century in origin, but has been extensively rebuilt particularly by David Davies of Llandinam who purchased it in 1906. It was opened on 20 February 1912 to provide a social centre for the town. The present rubble exterior is an interpretation of its C15 appearance probably by the architect Frank Shayler, who may also have designed the adjacent Glyndŵr Institute.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>In the centre of the town. Set into a continuous row of frontages midway along Heol Maengwyn, opposite the entrance to Plas Machynlleth and to the left of the Owain Glyndwr Institute.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In about 1813 the artist Edward Pugh visited Machynlleth and in 1816 he published a fine coloured lithograph of Parliament House. He provides the following description of the building Owen Glyndwr held his parliament here: and the house is still in being in which he and his adherents assembled. Its exterior appearance is barn like, and it is now used as a granary, etc, with the exception of one end, which is occupied as a miserable dwelling-house. Its interior exhibits great age: at the back is a flight of stone stairs in ruins, leading into the great room, in which there are carved ribs etc, in timber</p><br>
<h2>Architecture of the Parliament House</h2><br>
<p>The Parliament House, Machynlleth, is a substantial and remarkably complete hall-house sited parallel to the main road which approaches the town from the east. The hall-house has a four-unit plan: storeyed outer room of two bays, open passage (2 bays between partition trusses), open hall (3 bays with dais-end partition), and a storeyed inner-room of two bays. The carpentry is refined: purlins and ridge are tenoned into the trusses. The principal rafters of each truss are unusually shaped (extruded) to receive the tenoned collar. In the hall the purlins are moulded with two tiers of windbraces (replaced), and the truses have shaped feet. The upper-end truss is set forward from the dais partition to form a shallow canopy. The site is traditionally associated with Owain Glyndwrs Parliaments of 1402 and 1404, and was restored and extended in 1911 as a library and institute commemorating Glyndr. Tree-ring dating from timber in the building shows that it was felled in 1470 which is two generations later than the parliaments, but the origins of this substantial and important house may be considerably older.</p><br>
<p>The interior is now an exhibition centre.</p><br>
<h3>Frieze by Murray Urquhart</h3><br>
<p>One of the most important features of the Parliament House is a mural by the Scottish artist Murray McNeel Caird Urquhart (1880–1972) showing scenes from the life of Owain Glyndŵr. It comprises a series of 4 large panels depicting scenes in the life of Owain, in particular the Battle of Hyddgen, fought on the slopes of nearby Pumlumon in June 1401. The mural was painted by Urquhart between 1912 and 1914. Urquhart trained in Edinburgh, London and Paris.</p><br>
<h2>The Glyndŵr Institute</h2><br>
<p>Nos. 80–88 Heol Maengwyn. Listed Grade II in November 1990 Next to the Parliament House. Dated 1911 and built for Lord Davies of Llandinam who bought two cottages on the site in 1909. Probably designed by Frank Shayler, architect of Shrewsbury who undertook other similar work for Lord Davies. Serves as a civic building including Tourist Office.</p><br>
<p>An L-plan black and white Tudor revival building. Slate roof and stone chimney stacks. Three bay front with broad bracketed gable to left. Two storey porch advanced to centre with similar gable treatment. Overhanging eaves and garlanded rainwater head. Diamond leaded glazed windows with mullions and transoms to left. Cross framed oriel window and pediment over the segmental arched entrance with boarded and studded door. Similar construction to left hand side with a three-storey tower midway along with a pyramidal roof and tall weathervane. Gable immediately to right and a double jettied gable to left, carried to left on a low cylindrical column. Pointed arch doorway to tower.Inside a dog-leg staircase has a stone handrail partly carved. Some half-timbered walls. There is a stone fireplace with half round columns to ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The Glenn–Thompson Plantation  is a historic plantation house near Pittsview in Russell County, Alabama. The house was built in 1837, five years after the Treaty of Cusseta which ceded Muscogee lands to the United States. It was built by Massilon McKendree Glenn, son of the founder of nearby Glennville, and an academic who was the president of the Board of Trustees of the Glennville Female Academy. Glenn traded the house and its lands to a nearby planter named George Hargraves Thompson in 1840. Thompson developed the land into a working plantation, and his son, Willis, was one of the first in the area to convert his lands to produce pecans.</p><br>
<p>The house has a hipped roof, which also covers the front portico. The portico is supported by six square columns below a plain entablature; the entablature is continued around the rest of the house. The double-leaf front door is surrounded by sidelights and a transom, and flanked by 2 six-over-six sash windows on either side. The house originally had a central hall with two rooms on either side. In 1840, a rear addition was built, adding four main rooms and a shed-roofed patio. Original wood fireplace mantels are present in the original four rooms, though they have been sealed with marble hearths. A sunroom was added to the west of the house in the 1940s, and is accessed through an arched entry in the front left room. A kitchen was originally attached to the rear of the house via a breezeway, but was moved and repurposed as a horse barn.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1979 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Winchendon Village Historic District encompasses the 19th-century commercial center of Winchendon, Massachusetts. It extends along Front and School Streets from School Square to Spring Street, and continues north on Central Street as far as Summer Street. This area was developed primarily because of industrialization that took place along Millers River beginning in the late 18th century and extending into the 1830s, and then expanded further with the arrival of the railroad in the area in the 1840s. This growth caused the area to eclipse the towns colonial town center. The area had risen to sufficient prominence by 1850 that the town hall was built there, which would be followed by other municipal buildings, including the 1913 Beals Memorial Library.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Old Cleveland Court House is a heritage-listed detached house at 1 Paxton Street, Cleveland, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1853 to 1977. It is also known as Cleveland Court House & Lockup, Ostend and Ye Olde Court House Restaurant. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The brick core of this building is thought to have been erected for Hon. Francis Edward Bigge, Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and his brother Frederick William Bigge, following their purchase of the site in January 1852.</p><br>
<p>At the time, the Bigges were developing a number of trading, timber, warehousing and maritime activities at Cleveland Point, which had served as the port for Dunwich during the penal settlement of Moreton Bay. It is thought this building was erected as quarters for their workers at the Point.</p><br>
<p>Later the building was rented to the Commissioner of Police as the residence, court house and lockup for the district constabulary, until about 1880.</p><br>
<p>William Ross, a retired Brisbane furniture dealer and later chairman of the Cleveland Divisional Board, acquired the property in 1882, occupying it as his residence. He borrowed heavily against this property from the Queensland National Bank in 1889. By the mid-1890s Ross had returned to South Brisbane, where he died in 1895. The Queensland National Bank subsequently exercised its power of sale over the Cleveland property, and in April 1907 title was transferred to Charles Frederick Allen of Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>Extensions to the building appear to have been made in the late nineteenth century or early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The building remained a residence until the early 1960s, when converted into tearooms. When a large extension incorporating a restaurant and living quarters was added in 1977 to the northern elevation, the building assumed its present form and function as a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former court house, (the earliest section of what is now an extended restaurant), is a single-storeyed painted brick building. It is a compact rectangular form, low set and abutting the footpath line, where Paxton Street leads down to Moreton Bay.</p><br>
<p>The hipped corrugated iron roof is bell-cast over the front and former verandah spaces along the rear and eastern side. On the western end, the hip incorporates a timber louvred ridge gable, with curved metal finial.</p><br>
<p>The front verandah is sheeted to sill height with weather-boards, in a bowed profile, fixed to shaped studs. The floor is timber boarded, and the roof unlined. Of a likely original six bays, four and part of the fifth remain open, with simple timber posts and brackets. Over remaining bays weatherboarding continues full height.</p><br>
<p>Windows in the front wall are six-paned sashes, opening inwards. Sills are of unpainted stone. Rear wall windows, now internal within the restaurant extension, are four-paned sashes. A bay window projects from the western wall. The sill is precisely shaped, painted masonry. Adjoining this bay, the wall is rendered, and ruled with stone course lines.</p><br>
<p>Internal walls are of painted brick, generally in English bond. Two are built in stretcher bond. Moulded cornices are consistent throughout. Ceilings are tongue and groove boarding. Circular fretwork vents are central to five existing ceilings. An unpainted brick fireplace remains in seasonal use. A second fireplace, originally from the Bellevue Hotel in Brisbane, has been installed in the enclosed verandah space adjoining the restaurant extension. The new section incorporates other relics of historic buildings. It extends the restaurant into an L-shape, around a recent paved and planted courtyard.</p><br>
<p>Ye Olde Court House Restaurant retains a significant historic form, in the early low-set open verandah abutting Paxton Street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Old Cleveland Courthouse was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Old Cleveland Courthouse, the core of which was erected, is important in demonstrating the pattern and evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with the earliest phase of European settlement at Cleveland, and with the establishment of the administration and enforcement of European law in the Redland district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It makes an aesthetic contribution to the Cleveland Point townscape, in particular the bowed verandah section, set low abutting the footpath where Paxton Street leads down to the sea, which is valued by the Cleveland community.</p><br>
<p>The Old Cleveland Police Station is a heritage-listed police station at 1 Passage Street, Cleveland, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1934 to 1935. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 March 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse, constructed 1934-35, is located at the corner of Passage and North Streets. The building is the second purpose built police station and courthouse on the site. It replaced an earlier building constructed in 1879 that also performed both functions.</p><br>
<p>The Governor of New South Wales (Charles Augustus FitzRoy) authorised a town survey of the area in 1850, and soon after proclamation, the first land sale took place in 1851. At the time of the sale, Ipswich was still a strong contender for the capital of Queensland and there was strong rivalry between Cleveland (promoted by Ipswich interests, supported in turn by the Darling Downs squatters) and Brisbane, as to which would become the port to serve the north of the (then) Colony of New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>The first police station and lock-up in Cleveland, following the Separation of Queensland from New South Wales in 1859, was located in a building in Paxton Street rented from Francis Edward Bigge. This building survives as the Old Courthouse Restaurant. By the mid-1860s over 100 people were living in the town and government services began to be required. The Cleveland Police District was formed by 1865 and maintained a sergeant and a constable. By the mid-1870s this building was still used for police purposes, although it was becoming evident that a new building was required.</p><br>
<p>Following the announcement of a reserve in 1874 plans were drawn up by the Office of the Queensland Colonial Architect in 1875. Design approval was given to the drawings on 30 August 1875, however, the building was not constructed. In July 1879 the Police Commissioner wrote to the Colonial Secretary commenting on the unsatisfactory condition of the police station. By the end of the year work had begun on the building and was completed in 1880 at a cost of £436. Besides the delay in construction, the courthouse was also built on a different site to the one reserved in 1874. The area of land on the corner of Shore and Passage Streets was proclaimed on 23 January 1884, by which time the police station and courthouse had been built. This area was "in lieu of that reserved on the 25th September 1874". The original reserve, known as the "Paddock" was subdivided and auctioned as allotments on 26 October 1889.</p><br>
<p>A defined government precinct had been established including the police station and courthouse. When the Cleveland railway line was constructed from Brisbane to Cleveland in the late 1880s, the survey of the line followed the alignment of Shore Street for some distance, before terminating diagonally opposite the police station where the Cleveland Central railway station was constructed (not the present Cleveland railway station). The line was later extended to Cleveland Point, and this early station was renamed Cleveland West (and was closed in 1960). By the turn of the century the population of Cleveland had grown to over 500.</p><br>
<p>The first purpose-built police station and courthouse served the local community for over 50 years, however, by the early 1930s there were calls to replace the building as it was showing its age. Plans were prepared for a new police station and courthouse by William James Ewart in November 1934. The new police station and courthouse cost almost £1500 and was described in an Annual Report for 1934-35: "This...new building is of timber construction and has a corrugated fibrolite roof. In addition to the courtroom and office with veranda to same, the accommodation consists of three bedrooms, hall, living room, kitchen, pantry, bathroom and sleepout veranda, together with a veranda on front and back, the back verandah being enclosed to provide dining accommodation. A detached washhouse has also been provided, but the existing cell building, stables, earth closets, etc., from the old building have been reused."</p><br>
<p>The original floor plan dated 30 November 1934 prepared by the Queensland Government Architect&#39;s Office shows a single story timber building comprising public waiting area, court room, and an office to the rear, open verandahs on the northern, western and eastern elevations and an enclosed verandah on the southern elevation. The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is an example of one of a number of court house types developed by the Government Architect for use throughout country Queensland and in suburban areas.</p><br>
<p>The Cleveland Courthouse was a purpose-designed building, reflecting the estimated level of use, accommodating the particular needs of the local community, sited to constitute a strong civic presence to that part of the town. A motel now occupies the post and telegraph office site to the south-east; however, there is clear evidence in the park reserve, in the mature tree planting and the war memorial, of the early role of this area as an important civic precinct.</p><br>
<p>The building has strongly defined "private" and "public" sections. The original floor plan states "plan to be reversed". The reversal of the plan resulted in the public side of the building prominently facing the corner of Passage and North Streets, lending more privacy to the domestic side of the building. Originally the verandah on the eastern side was open with a lattice screen, the verandah opened to the public space within the court room. This verandah was enclosed as early as 1939 due to the entry of the weather from that direction and alterations and extensions have continued since that time. The fleche has also been removed.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, there were plans to extend the original building as well as a proposed new cell block. Early outbuildings were altered and later demolished to provide space for additional accommodation. By 1968, the construction of a new courthouse toward Middle Street was proposed. An existing car port was demolished to provide space for the building. During these renovations, the timber steps along the eastern elevation were also removed and replaced with concrete.</p><br>
<p>Further work was undertaken in early 1973. Toilets were installed in the residence and the brick cell block was constructed, replacing the earlier wooden cells. Earth closets were also removed at this time. Single men&#39;s quarters were still extant at the southern end of the site. In the 1970s demountable buildings were added to the police reserve which was originally designed to accommodate five police. By 1982, the early building was further adapted to accommodate the CIB.</p><br>
<p>By 1998 the building accommodated almost 50 staff at various times. New premises were constructed and staff moved out of the building in December 1998.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the Redland Shire Council and the Returned Services League of Australia announced plans to turn the building into a war memorial museum precinct and museum. The library and museum complex was opened on 28 July 2007 by Phil Weightman, the Member for Cleveland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is a low-set, single storey, timber building overlooking the memorial reserve on the corner of North and Passage Streets, Cleveland. Two projecting gabled wings are linked by a single-room width verandahed wing to form a H-shaped plan. The east and middle wings are the former station residence and the west wing accommodates the former courthouse and office. Clad with weatherboards, the building has tongue and groove boarding to the interior and verandahs and a skirt of vertical battens around the base. The front and side verandahs have solid, curved timber valances and battened balustrades. Bellcast hoods sit over the casement windows to the gabled fronts of the flanking wings. Small timber louvred rectangular vents sit above the hoods. The fleche rising from the middle wing roof ridge has been removed. The roofs are sheeted with corrugated fibrolite.</p><br>
<p>Surrounded by verandahs, the station residence is entered from the verandah to North Street. The front door opens into a hall extending to the rear dining verandah. The east wing has two bedrooms and a kitchen all opening onto a sleepout verandah. The kitchen also opens to the enclosed rear dining verandah of the middle wing which contains the living room and a bedroom both flanked by the front and rear verandahs. French doors open from the bedrooms and living room to the verandahs. There are discreet battened fan lights with a small, s-shaped decorative mid-panel to the living room and bedrooms off the hall. An eight-pane sash window opens from the kitchen to the dining verandah. The bathroom is off the rear dining verandah behind the kitchen and a toilet has been added adjacent to the bathroom in the corner of the rear verandah.</p><br>
<p>The west wing has undergone a number of alterations. The former entrances to the courthouse and office were off the west verandah to Passage Street. The verandah is now enclosed and partitioned into an office and storage area and is no longer accessed from Passage Street. Concrete paths from 1935 indicate the location of the two sets of timber stairs that arrived at the west verandah and concrete stairs to the verandah remain from later alterations. The courtroom is partitioned into two offices and a corridor runs between the former verandah and courtroom to the brick extension built to the south. The sheeted and battened ceiling of the courtroom is intact and part of the glass partition between the courtroom and the office is visible above the doorway in the corridor.</p><br>
<p>A small, detached, timber washhouse with a corrugated iron clad skillion roof lies immediately south of the east wing. Set on a concrete floor and clad with weatherboards the washhouse has exposed timber framing to the interior, some timber shelving and a copper in the south-east corner.</p><br>
<p>There are two later extensions to the police station built to the south of the west wing. A brick and timber extension connects directly to the former office and a steel framed demountable extends further south from the earlier extension. There are a number of outbuildings on the site including a brick lock-up and garages. (These structures are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.)</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Old Cleveland Police Station with its Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 March 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1934-35, the former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is significant for its association with the development of Cleveland, reflecting the importance of Cleveland as a major centre and port, rivalling Brisbane in its early years as the possible port to serve the north. The first purpose-built police station and courthouse was constructed in 1879, demonstrating the continued judicial use of the site for nearly 120 years.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is significant as a rare example of a combined court house, police station and residential building. Most suburban police stations were not constructed with a courthouse, further demonstrating Cleveland&#39;s importance as a major centre outside of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is a fine and intact example of a timber suburban court house. It has a special association with the work of the Government Architect&#39;s Office which developed a number of court house types which sought to respond to matters both economic and climatic, as well as providing a high quality of public building even on this modest scale.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The siting of the former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse at the corner of Passage and North Streets provides evidence of the early role of the area as an important and strongly defined civic precinct, an area which includes the park reserve, mature tree planting and the war memorial. It is significant as an unpretentious building contributing a confident civic presence to the street. Thoughtful planning has produced a commodious building suited to its function.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The site of the former Cleveland police station and courthouse is significant for a long association with law and order and the dispensing of justice in Cleveland since 1879. The building was a focus for a wide range of community services and this, together with the tradition of constables-in-charge, ensured that the former Cleveland police station and courthouse provided an important community focus in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is significant for its association with Brisbane architect, William James Ewart, who designed the building. Ewart was Chief Architect with the Department of Public Works from 1923-1927 and Senior Architect from 1927-1934.</p><br>
<p>Church Square is a city block in downtown Columbus, Georgia home to two churches: First Baptist Church of Columbus and St. Luke United Methodist Church. The block, located between 2nd and 3rd Avenues and 11th and 12th Streets, is significant because it is the only remaining square designated for church use by Edward Lloyd Thomas, who surveyed the area in 1828 and drew up the original city plan. The square was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town of Columbus was established by an act of the Georgia legislature on December 24, 1827, one of only four cities in the state to be formed by government action. The area was surveyed by Edward Lloyd Thomas under the supervision of then-Georgia governor John Forsyth the following year. The city, which was to be located on the Chattahoochie River at Coweta Falls, was established to bring pioneers out to the western portion of the state, serving as an agricultural, industrial, and transportation hub, using the river as the source for all three of these operations. The 1828 plan included a rectangular grid of city blocks thirteen long and eight wide which encompassed the area bounded by what is now 17th Street, 10th Avenue, and the river, much of which is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Columbus Historic District. At several locations throughout the area were "squares" dedicated to civic, religious, and academic use, among them Church Square between 2nd and 3rd Avenues and 11th and 12 Streets. Of the squares designated for religious use, Church Square is the only one to still be used for that purpose at present.</p><br>
<h2>The two congregations</h2><br>
<p>Church Square has been home to a congregation of Baptists and one of Methodists since its inception. Lot B, the southern lot, was granted to the Methodists in 1828 while the northern Lot A was given to the Baptists in 1829.</p><br>
<h3>The Baptists</h3><br>
<p>The Baptist congregation occupying the northern lot of the square was founded on February 14, 1829, under the name Ephesus Baptist Church. The congregation built a small wooden meeting house in 1830, which was later moved to the back of the lot and replaced by a brick building in 1840. Under the ministry of James H. DeVotie, a new structure was dedicated on October 25, 1859, and the congregation has met there ever since, later changing its name to the First Baptist Church of Columbus. The Greek Revival structure is the oldest sanctuary still extant in downtown Columbus.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary was originally built two stories tall with a Gothic steeple, although the steeple was removed during renovations in 1896-97. The bell that was inside the steeple was removed and is now displayed to the northeast of the main sanctuary. The building is rectangular with a pentagonal apse and a gabled roof. Six Doric columns and a pediment were added to the facade in 1909, largely transforming the building from its Gothic roots into a Neoclassical structure. The two entrances on the front facade are also capped by pediments similar in design to the main pediment of the building. The building is flanked with two-story stained glass windows separated by brick pilasters with granite bases and caps. Other structures on the lot were added between 1924 and 1948 and mimic the style of the main sanctuary.</p><br>
<h3>The Methodists</h3><br>
<p>The Methodist congregation slightly predates the Baptist one, having been founded in 1828. The congregation has gone through five different buildings, each built on the same lot, replacing old ones. The current building was constructed in 1948.</p><br>
<p>Main Street Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Hamlet, Richmond County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 23 contributing buildings, 3 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Hamlet. It includes buildings built between about 1900 to about 1940 and notable examples of Queen Anne, Art Deco, and Classical Revival architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Seaboard Air Line Passenger Depot. Other notable buildings include the Terminal Hotel , Union Building , the Bank of Hamlet , the Old Hamlet Opera House , and the USA Post Office , a Works Progress Administration project.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Rockingham Historic District is a national historic district located at Rockingham, Richmond County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 181 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in a predominantly residential section of Rockingham. It includes buildings built between the early-19th century through the early 20th century in a variety of popular architectural styles. Notable buildings include the Steele-Johnson-Cole House , Leak-Wall House , W. C. Leak House , Ledbetter-Leath House, the W. B. Cole House, Dr. Robert S. Cole House, and Mial Leak House.</p><br>
<p>The Jay Helms House, 603 E. Washington Street, (c. 1946), a ranch style house, was designed by noted architect Joseph W. Royer.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Lake Tramway is a historic timber-transport mechanism in the remote North Maine Woods. The tramway, built in 1902 and operated until 1907, transported timber across a neck of land between Eagle Lake and Chamberlain Lake, with one end eventually becoming the eastern terminus of the Eagle Lake and West Branch Railroad in 1927. The remnants of the tramway and rail station were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Tramway Historic District in 1979. The tramway are part of the Allagash Wilderness Waterway, a Maine state park.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The remote northern interior of Maine was in the 19th century developed as a major logging region. Because the provincial government of New Brunswick began charging tariffs for timber floated down the Saint John River, American logging interest sought ways to divert timber into the Penobscot River watershed. This was accomplished by the placement of dams in a number of places on Chamberlain Lake and Eagle Lake, whose waters historically reached the Saint John via the Allagash River, which resulted in their waters&#39; diversion toward Webster Lake (now in the far north of Baxter State Park), part of the Penobscot watershed. By the late 19th century the lock dam between Chamberlain and Eagle Lakes had become a hindrance to logging operations.</p><br>
<p>To speed the movement of timbers between the two lakes, the ingenious solution of a cable-drawn steam-powered tramway was implemented. At a neck of land about 3 mi north of the dam, a pair of tracks was laid across the neck (about 3,000 ft), and a continuous wire cable loop 6,000 ft in length was attached to lumber-carrying trucks. The tramway was powered by large steam boilers located at the Chamberlain Lake end, and was capable of transporting logs at 250 ft per minute, averaging more than 500,000 board-feet of lumber over a typical working day. The tramway was rendered obsolete by the invention of the Lombard Steam Log Hauler, and ceased operation in 1907.</p><br>
<p>In 1927 the Eagle Lake end of the tramway was adapted as the eastern terminus of the Eagle Lake and West Branch Railroad, a freight-only operation for hauling timber southward. The railroad operated until 1933; the only major surviving element of its operation are two locomotives, which are vandal-stripped and exposed to the elements. Of the tramway, the cable and elements of its tracks survive, collapsing into the ground as the ties deteriorate, and elements of the steam power plant remain at Chamberlain Lake.</p><br>
<p>The area is now part of the Allagash Wilderness Waterway, a Maine state park.</p><br>
<p>Reverie Cove is a historic summer estate on Harbor Lane in Bar Harbor, Maine. It was designed by local architect Fred L. Savage and built in 1895, and is a particularly opulent example of Colonial Revival architecture. A later owner of the property was New York City mayor Abram Hewitt. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and as part of the Harbor Lane-Eden Street Historic District in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Reverie Cove is set near the end of Harbor Lane, overlooking Frenchman Bay and eastward toward the village center of Bar Harbor. It is a large frame house 2-1/2 stories in front and 3-1/2 in back, with a complex hip roof, three brick chimneys, wooden shingle siding, and a granite foundation. The main facade faces west (away from the water), and is five bays wide, with projecting portico-like sections at both ends. Stylistically identical, one shelters the main entrance, while the other is a covered porch. Both are topped by recessed balconies, and are supported by paired large square columns. Between these porticos are a band of four diamond-pane sash windows, with a large round-arch diamond-pane window at the second level. Between this large window and the recessed balconies there are small half-round windows. At the outer corners of the facade are slightly projecting sections topped by hip-roof sections with eyebrow dormers. The half-story between these projections also has a low-profile hip-roof dormer. The eastern facade, facing the water, is also elaborate, with recessed balconies under arches at the center of the third level, and projecting semi-circular balconies at the second.</p><br>
<p>Reverie Cove was designed by local architect Fred L. Savage, noted for designing a number of Bar Harbors other summer estate houses, and was completed in 1895. It was built for Dr. John Davies Jones of Washington, DC. After Jones died in 1903, the house was purchased by Abram and Sarah Hewitt; he served as Mayor of New York City 1887-88. The property was one of a modest number of Bar Harbors estate houses to survive a devastating 1947 which ravaged the eastern half of Mount Desert Island. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and was included in the Harbor Lane-Eden Street Historic District in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The W.H.H. Clayton House, now the Clayton House Museum, is a historic house museum at 514 North 6th Street in Fort Smith, Arkansas. It is a 2-1/2 story L-shaped wood frame structure, with a projecting front clipped-gable section. It has elaborate Victorian trim, including detailed window surrounds, paneled projecting bays on the front and side, and a porch with carved columns and brackets, and delicately turned balusters ringing the porch roof. The house was built in 1874 for W. H. H. Clayton, who served as a local prosecutor and was member of family prominent in state politics, and is one of the few high-quality houses of the period to survive. It is now a museum.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>W.H.H. Clayton House Detail, Cornices.JPGCornices</p><br>
<p>W.H.H. Clayton House Detail, Front Entry.JPGFront Entry</p><br>
<p>W.H.H. Clayton House Detail, Hand Carved Limestone Guttering.JPGHand Carved Limestone Guttering</p><br>
<p>W.H.H. Clayton House Detail, North Side.JPGNorth Side</p><br>
<p>Cleveland Pioneer Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Lisa Street, Cleveland, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Cleveland No.1 Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 September 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Centred on Cleveland, the area which was to later become Redland Shire was one of the earliest areas in Queensland to be opened to free settlement following the closure of the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement in 1842. Its location on the shores of Moreton Bay saw substantial efforts to establish Cleveland as the official port for the Moreton Bay District.</p><br>
<p>Cleveland was declared as a township in December 1850. The first land sales took place in 1851. The earliest European settlers in the area had interests in pastoralism, business and shipping.</p><br>
<p>A site for the first cemetery in Cleveland was surveyed by H. Rawnsley in December 1858 on a site bounded by Wellington, Queen, Russell and Smith Streets, within section 83, Parish of Cleveland. Seven separate sections were surveyed for various denominations including Church of England, Presbyterians, Wesleyans, Roman Catholics, Jews, and "Various Denominations". By 1864 the population of the Cleveland Township was 145, with the main occupations being labourer, farmer and timber-getter.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was used until 1873 when it was deemed to be unsuitable due to the "swampy nature of the soil". Section 112 immediately across Wellington Street to the west was gazetted as the new cemetery.</p><br>
<p>There are 11 identified burials in the Pioneer Cemetery in the 15 years between its establishment in 1858 and its replacement in 1873, including:</p><br>
<p>Bridget Clary, d.2 May 1860, Child</p><br>
<p>Emily (Amelia) Hobbs, d. 28 July 1860</p><br>
<p>Arthur Sidney Lyon, d. 22 October 1861, Journalist, Editor</p><br>
<p>William Henry Sherrin, d. 11 November 1864, Child</p><br>
<p>George Sherrin, d. 9 February 1865 - Robert HAMILTON, d. 11 April 1869</p><br>
<p>Henry Bottomley, Unknown dates, Carpenter</p><br>
<p>John Dawson, Unknown dates</p><br>
<p>J. Neale, Unknown dates, Fisherman</p><br>
<p>William Rae, Unknown dates, Publican, Brighton Hotel, Cleveland</p><br>
<p>Andrew Whelan, Unknown dates, Blacksmith</p><br>
<p>Systematic historical research into individual burials has not been undertaken. The exact number of burials at the cemetery remains unknown. It is also unknown whether any burials were removed and re- interred at the Cleveland No.2 Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The most prominent of the known individuals buried in the cemetery is Arthur Sidney Lyon, who died in Cleveland on 22 October 1861 (QRG 1861). Note that he is incorrectly recorded on memorial stone and interpretation signage at the cemetery as Sydney Arthur Lyons. Lyon established the Moreton Bay Courier with partner James Swan with its first edition released on 20 June 1846. The Moreton Bay Courier later became The Courier-Mail. Lyon apparently resigned as editor in December of the following year following arguments with his partner, however he is still listed as the publisher for the newspaper until its purchase by Theophilus Pugh in May 1861. Lyon went on to establish and run the Moreton Bay Free Press from 1849 to 1855, the North Australian in Ipswich from 1855 to 1858, followed by the Darling Downs Gazette from 1858, presumably until his death in 1861.</p><br>
<p>By 1903, the original section 83 had been divided into four lots of around five acres each. The 1903 survey plan of the cemetery identifies a surveyed rectangular area within the cemetery reserve area containing 23 lines, possibly indicating graves. It is uncertain whether these markings represent the actual number of graves visible at the time of survey or whether they indicate a general acknowledgement of the presence of graves.</p><br>
<p>In October 1905 land in Section 83 was offered for sale except the cemetery which was withheld from auction because of its previous use. Cleveland Shire Council objected to the sale of the land "on the grounds that several people have been buried therein and that it was once used for a cemetery. Unless absolutely necessary, a reserve of this description should never be alienated".</p><br>
<p>The council objected again to the lease of the land in 1924, and raised the issue again in 1937. A cemetery reserve was finally gazetted as R1436 on 11 September 1937 with access provided from Queen Street.</p><br>
<p>A memorial with the names of ten persons interred in the cemetery was erected at the site by teacher Merv Beitz from Cleveland State School as a practical history exercise for his class. The plaque on the memorial was supplied by Redland Shire Council. When the memorial was erected there were no headstones or other grave markers at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Cleveland Pioneer Cemetery constitutes Scott Street Park and a vehicular access track running north-south to the park from Queen Street. The entire area is grassed with numerous large shade trees, consisting mainly of eucalypt species. No headstones or obvious signs of grave plots remain visible. A mound, approximately three metres wide runs south along the vehicular track from Queen Street and angles from the northwest to southeast across the identified cemetery reserve towards the playground located in the southeast quadrant of the park. The mound is approximately 40–50 cm high at its apex and is likely related to the installation of services such as water into or through the park.</p><br>
<p>A playground area is also located within the park and measures approximately 10m x 15m. It is delineated by concrete edging and filled with sandy loam to approximately 10 cm depth below the current ground surface. The installation and use of the playground equipment is unlikely to have caused major subsurface disturbance. There is a bench and a water tap situated adjacent to the north of the playground area, and timber bollards used to delineate the park area. None of the modern elements installed in the park are of archaeological importance.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to Lisa Street is a memorial plaque commemorating the early burials in the cemetery. The plaque is installed on a white concrete base and is surrounded by a white timber picket fence approx 1m high. The inscription on the plaque consists of lead letters and reads:</p><br>
<p>IN MEMORY OF SOME 25 PIONEERS RESTING HERE.</p><br>
<p>SYDNEY A. LYONS. 1816-61. FATHER OF QLD PRESS.</p><br>
<p>J. NEALE. FISHERMAN. WILLIAM RAE. PUBLICAN.</p><br>
<p>JOHN DAWSON. ANDREW WHELAN. BLACKSMITH.</p><br>
<p>ROBERT HAMILTON. BRIDGET CLAREY. CHILD.</p><br>
<p>HENRY BOTTOMLEY. CARPENTER.</p><br>
<p>WILLIAM SHERRIN. 1862-64.</p><br>
<p>GEORGE SHERRIN. 1844-66.</p><br>
<p>ERECTED BY SENIOR PUPILS, CLEVELAND PRIMARY SCHOOL</p><br>
<p>COURTESY OF REDLAND SHIRE COUNCIL.</p><br>
<p>CENTENARY YEAR OF EDUCATION 1975.</p><br>
<p>An interpretative sign is installed adjacent to the memorial stone at the Lisa Street access to the park.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cleveland Pioneer Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 September 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The Cleveland Pioneer Cemetery is an important aspect of Queensland&#39;s history being the site of the first cemetery established on the mainland in Redlands, one of the first areas opened up to free settlement in southeast Queensland. The cemetery is important historically as the burial site of Arthur Sidney Lyon (1861) who was known as "The Father of the Queensland Press". Lyon established the Moreton Bay Courier, amongst other early newspapers.</p><br>
<p>The importance of the cemetery to the community was memorialised in 1975 through the installation of a memorial stone identifying those known to have been buried at the Pioneer cemetery. The presence of interpretive signage demonstrates a continuing community association with the place.</p><br>
<p>The Cleveland Pioneer Cemetery has the potential to provide new and important information that will contribute to our understanding of the early history and demography of settlement in the Redlands region. Archaeological investigations at the site have potential to reveal subsurface evidence of the actual location and number of burials in the cemetery. Such investigation may answer important research questions about the organisation and layout of the cemetery and how this differed from the original plans. Archaeological investigations also have the potential to reveal information about whether graves were later moved to the nearby (and later) Cleveland No.2 Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Additional archaeological investigations have potential to contribute to the comparative analysis of burial practices across Queensland and through time. Important research questions can be formulated about the actual burial practices in early satellite settlements and regional communities.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations at the site have potential provide important information about social structures within an important and early European settlement in Queensland&#39;s history. Social structure will be expressed through the pattern of burials and layout of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Cleveland Hotel is a heritage-listed former hotel at 109 Shore Street North, Cleveland, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1940s. It is also known as Cassim&#39;s Hotel and Sorrento Flats. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 October 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed masonry hotel was built for John Vincent Cassim and his wife Mary Teally, Cleveland boarding house/hotel keepers since 1855.</p><br>
<p>Cassim was a Mauritian Indian, whom it appears was transported to Moreton Bay in 1840. A person named Cassim, who had been tried at the Port Louis assizes, and had received a seven-year sentence, was amongst a group of Mauritian convicts who were transported to Sydney via the Layton early in 1840 (Mauritius had been occupied by the British since 1810). In April 1840 fifteen of these men, including Cassim, were sent on to Moreton Bay, which was soon to be opened for free settlement, apparently to conduct experiments in sugar growing. Sugar was the principal Mauritian cash crop at this period, and was exported regularly to New South Wales. Presumably, the Mauritian convicts were considered to have had some experience in the sugar industry.</p><br>
<p>Cassim received a ticket-of-leave at Moreton Bay in February 1844, and in mid-1845 a John Cassim and his wife Mary were resident in Brisbane Town. It is likely that Cassim, John Cassim and John Vincent Cassim, who married at Moreton Bay an Irish girl named Mary Teally, were one and the same person. Little is known about Mary, or how she came to be at Moreton Bay, other than that she had arrived in New South Wales in the early 1840s. By 1851, John and Mary Cassim were operating a boarding house at Kangaroo Point, which they maintained until late 1855.</p><br>
<p>From late 1855 to mid-1860 the Cassims leased Cleveland House (now the Grandview Hotel), and an adjacent dwelling, from pastoralist Francis Edward Bigge. These buildings had been erected at Cleveland in the early 1850s as part of Bigges unsuccessful push to establish Cleveland as the principal port of the Moreton Bay region. Amongst the earliest buildings in the township, they appear to have remained unoccupied for several years until taken up as Cassims Family Hotel and Boarding House.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1850s, with the separation of Queensland from New South Wales imminent, there was some renewal of interest in Cleveland as the port to service Ipswich, which was still a strong contender for capital of Queensland. Although Brisbane interests prevailed and Cleveland was to remain an isolated seaside resort, by 1860 the township had gained sufficient popularity as a watering place to support two hotels: the Brighton Hotel (formerly Cassims Family Hotel), and Cassims new hotel, the Cleveland Hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1858 JV Cassim had acquired allotment 1 of section 6, par Cleveland, adjacent to and north of Cleveland House, on the road toward Cleveland Point. On this site, Cassim erected his Cleveland Hotel. The building was extant by September 1860, when he took out a £300 mortgage on the property, and was required to insure the house situated on the land. About this time it was discovered that the hotel had been constructed across the southern boundary of the allotment; subsequently, a small parcel of land was surveyed as allotment 1A and purchased by Cassim in January 1861.</p><br>
<p>By 1863 the hhotel comprised bar, parlour, sitting-rooms, bedrooms, storeroom, a kitchen with servant&#39;s room attached, and verandahs front and back. The grounds included stables, coachhouse, fowlhouse, garden, jetty and bathing house. In 1872/73, Cassim acquired the adjacent allotment to the north (allotment 2 of section 6), and in 1879, two adjoining blocks to the south (allotments 20 & 21 of section 6).</p><br>
<p>Mary Cassim died in 1861, and was buried at Dunwich Cemetery. In 1868 John married Irish immigrant Anne (or Mary Anne) Rafter, who appears to have arrived at Moreton Bay in the mid-1860s. There were no children from either marriage. JV Cassim died in 1884, and was buried at Dunwich. Anne held the license of the Cleveland Hotel until 1903, and retained the property until 1916. She died at the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum in 1921, and was buried at the Nudgee Catholic Cemetery. The Cassims were well-known and respected Cleveland identities and devout Catholics, whose hotel not only was synonymous with Cleveland as a seaside resort, but also served as a mass centre from the early 1860s until the construction of the first Catholic church at Cleveland in 1877. John was a trustee of the local church in the 1870s and 1880s, and would not accept payment from any priest staying at the hotel. Cassim&#39;s Island, in Moreton Bay, is named after him.</p><br>
<p>By a verandah had been added to the southern side of the hotel, and the shingled roof had been replaced with corrugated iron. About 1919 the southern allotments containing the gardens were resurveyed into eight subdivisions, six of which were sold.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated, and continued to function as the Cleveland Hotel until severely storm damaged in June 1929. The property changed ownership in July 1929, but whether the building was repaired at this stage is not clear. In July and August 1929, Brisbane architect John Patrick Donoghue called tenders for the rebuilding of the Cleveland Hotel, but in 1930 publican Nicholas John Thurecht, who had acquired the lease of the Cleveland Hotel in 1927, had removed to the new centre of Cleveland township and the new Raby Bay Hotel (now the Cleveland Sands Hotel), for which Donoghue had called tenders in September and October 1929.</p><br>
<p>Local residents believe the old Cleveland Hotel remained vacant until converted into flats during or just after the Second World War. This may correspond to a change in ownership in 1948. The renovations, still evident, included rebuilding the roof with its present gables and chimney stacks; removal of what was left of the southern and rear verandahs; replacing the front verandah balustrading with weatherboards; cutting additional doors in the north and south walls; and rendering the exterior.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s and 1950s, the former Cleveland Hotel appears to have been known as the Sorrento Flats. The building is understood to have remained unoccupied since the 1960s, possibly following another change in ownership in 1965.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the building was restored and in 2010 was used as commercial office space.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Cleveland Hotel, fronting Moreton Bay and located on the steep east facing slope of the ridge running along Cleveland Point, appears as a single-storeyed rendered masonry building from Shore Street, but has a lower floor facing the water.</p><br>
<p>The building has a corrugated iron hipped roof with two projecting gables and a skillion roofed verandah with a central gabled entrance porch to the western street side. There are two chimney stacks and the gables have fibrous-cement sheeting with timber cover strips and weatherboards.</p><br>
<p>The west verandah has a weatherboard balustrade with rectangular open batten panels. There is a skillion roofed east verandah to the lower floor which has had the northern end and the entrance stairs damaged. The base of the building consists of rubble with concrete piers and concrete supports for the east verandah.</p><br>
<p>Interior walls are of rendered masonry with some fibrous cement partitions and the original arched entrance has been bricked in. A few casement windows survive, but most of the windows, doors and all of the French doors opening onto the front verandah have been removed. The upper floor is of timber. There is no internal access between floors.</p><br>
<p>A weatherboard double garage with a corrugated iron gable roof is located to the south at street level. This is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. The steep site levels off to a flat foreshore area with a concrete retaining wall to the water. The hotel has views across water to Stradbroke Island to the east and Raby Bay to the northwest.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Cleveland Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 October 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Cleveland Hotel, erected, is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with the establishment of the township of Cleveland in the 1850s and 1860s and with the evolution of Cleveland as a popular seaside resort in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is an integral element in a group of historic buildings along the road leading to Cleveland Point.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, being one of the earliest surviving buildings in Cleveland and a rare surviving Queensland example of a substantial, two-storeyed masonry hotel, the structure and fabric of which is strongly evident despite the 20th century conversion to flats. It has potential to reveal information about 1850s/60s construction techniques and materials in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life and work of John and Anne Cassim and their contribution to the character of Cleveland as a popular seaside resort in the second half of the 19th century, and with the establishment of the Catholic Church in Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>Fernleigh is a heritage-listed cottage at 73 Shore Street East, Cleveland, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fernleigh, consisting of a timber cottage and adjoining timber kitchen house, is located on Shore Street East in the area around the Cleveland Point where much of the early development of Cleveland took place. Fernleigh was permanently occupied from the early-mid 1880s by William Taylor, following his retirement from his business in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The first land sale took place in Cleveland in 1851, and was considered a great success, being described as "...The competition for the Cleveland lots was very spirited...the result shows considerable confidence". At the time of the sale, Ipswich was still a strong contender for the capital of Queensland and there was strong rivalry between Cleveland (promoted by Ipswich interests, supported in turn by the Darling Downs squatters) and Brisbane, as to which would become the port to serve the north.</p><br>
<p>The allotments on which Fernleigh stands, lots 14-16 of section 11, were acquired in the 1851 land sale by Jeremiah Scanlan, Robert Cribb and William Augustine Duncan respectively. The three men were actively involved in the development of the Moreton Bay settlement: Scanlan as a Brisbane hotel proprietor; Cribb as a baker and politician who acquired extensive land interests; and Duncan, a former Sydney journalist who took up a position as Sub-Collector of Customs in Brisbane from 1846.</p><br>
<p>As records do not clearly identify whether it was lot 15 or lot 16 on which Fernleigh was built, it is unclear whether it was Cribb or Duncan who actually was responsible for the erection of Fernleigh. It is however, evident that each of these men had an interest in the development of Cleveland and closely followed the debate regarding the future role of the township.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1850s, Cribb bought much land at both Brisbane and Cleveland land sales, apparently not wanting to "miss out" when the decision between Brisbane and Cleveland was made. Duncan was a strong advocate of settlement at Cleveland, expressing the opinion that "... Brisbane can never be aught but a country village..." and that "...the Government should not hesitate to open a Township at Cleveland Point...".</p><br>
<p>Locally, it is held that Fernleigh was built during the 1860s as a holiday house for William Taylor, who had arrived in Brisbane in 1849 on Chaseley, one of emigrant ships organised by the Rev Dr John Dunmore Lang. It is possible however, that references to Taylor at Cleveland during this period derive from his purchase of land, in the vicinity of Fernleigh, in the 1851 land sale.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1850s, Brisbane was finally recognised as the main port for Queensland. Cleveland remained isolated, developing into one of two fashionable Brisbane holiday resorts, the other being Sandgate to the north of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor familys first recorded connection with Fernleigh is in 1879, when Taylors daughters, Ellen, Ann and Elizabeth acquired lots 14-15. Also in 1879, Taylor purchased the Cleveland State School building for £9, and it is understood that he moved this building to Fernleigh where it became the kitchen house. Prior to being used as a schoolhouse, the building was a cottage/shop in Cleveland, on land owned by the Hon Arthur Macalister (three times Queensland Premier). It was acquired by the Board of Education in 1868 for use as the first Cleveland State School which opened in April of that year.</p><br>
<p>Taylor acquired lot 16 in 1882, possibly at the same time he retired from his business (early-mid 1880s). Taylor moved to Fernleigh, where he lived until his death in December 1895. The title to lot 16 passed to Taylor&#39;s daughters, and Fernleigh remained in the Taylor family until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The house was proposed to be converted into flats during the 1970s/early 1980s. Fernleigh was acquired by the present owners in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fernleigh, fronting Shore Street East to the northwest and bounded by GJ Walker Park to the east and south, is a single-storeyed timber residence with a detached kitchen house overlooking Moreton Bay and Stradbroke Island to the east.</p><br>
<p>The residence has a corrugated iron gable roof, in which an attic space has been enclosed in recent years, with a large dormer window to both the northwest and southeast. The building has both timber and concrete stumps, with a timber batten skirt to the perimeter. It has verandahs to all sides with corrugated iron skillion roofs, boarded soffits and timber posts. The exterior walls are weatherboard and the building has sash windows of cedar, some of which have timber shutters, with a row of more recent silky oak sash windows to the eastern corner room. The southwest corner of the verandah has been enclosed with vertical boarding to form a bathroom and storeroom.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has four rooms with a central corridor. A stair has been added to the western room to access the attic bedroom. Walls and ceilings are of unpainted beech boarding, and floors are of polished beech. A brick fireplace with a timber surround is located in the southern room. The fireplace has had its earlier render removed. The attic has been lined with hardboard sheeting, it has a pine floor and casement windows are located in the gable ends.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen house is located to the south of the residence and is linked via a covered walkway. It has a corrugated iron gable roof with verandahs to three sides, the southeast wall being of weatherboard and containing a stove recess. The building has both timber and concrete stumps, with a timber batten skirt to the perimeter. The northeast verandah has weatherboard infill below the hand rail, with timber rail balustrade to the northwest and southwest. The verandah soffits are unlined and the southern corner has been enclosed to form a bathroom. The northwest wall of the kitchen house is constructed of split logs laid vertically, and the southwest wall is of pit-sawn vertical boards.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building consists of two rooms with a vertically boarded timber partition between. The ceiling is boarded, walls are lined with hardboard sheeting with timber cover strips and it has mainly sash windows.</p><br>
<p>A recently constructed weatherboard garage with a corrugated iron gable roof is located at the southwest boundary.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include a very large Fig tree at the southwest boundary, two large Candle Nut trees framing the driveway near the northwest boundary, a Macadamia Nut tree and Black Bean tree to the west of the residence, large Eucalypts near the western and southern corners of the site, as well as numerous smaller shrubs and flowering plants. The northwest boundary has a timber paling fence, with a timber pergola structure over the entrance gate. The northeast and southeast boundaries have wire fences.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Fernleigh was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Originally a cottage, the kitchen house was used as the first Cleveland State School prior to its removal and re-erection at Fernleigh. Fernleigh is located on the land which was part of the first survey and sale at Cleveland in 1851 and demonstrates the pattern of subdivision and development of Cleveland along the peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Fernleigh is characteristic of a modest 1860s timber dwelling, having a four-room core and detached kitchen house.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The timber buildings and established garden have aesthetic quality, and form an integral part of the mature townscape of Cleveland Point.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>These structures remain as two of few surviving buildings associated with the development of Cleveland from the 1860s, and as such maintain a special association with the community.</p><br>
<p>The Norfolk Island Pine Trees are a heritage-listed group of trees at 127 Shore Street North, Cleveland, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 November 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early 19th century</h3><br>
<p>The Norfolk Island pine trees at 127 Shore Street North, Cleveland, were planted most likely in the early 1860s by Brisbane Valley squatter Francis Edward Bigge, an enthusiastic promoter of Cleveland as a rival to Brisbane as the state capital. The trees are located on part of allotment 8 of section 6, Town of Cleveland, alienated from the Crown in 1853.</p><br>
<p>During the 1830s Cleveland was known as Emu Point, a jumping-off point to Dunwich on Stradbroke Island. Despite some early setbacks, Cleveland would eventually become the centre of the developing Redlands district. Pastoral settlement spilt down the range from the Darling Downs into the Brisbane River Valley during the early 1840s. Squatters who took up runs here included young English brothers Frederic William and Francis Edward Bigge at Mount Brisbane, which they established in 1841. Frederic returned to England, but Francis remained in Queensland for over thirty years. A member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1851, and of the Queensland Legislative Council from 1860 to 1873, Francis Bigge was the principal advocate for the establishment of Cleveland as the port for Moreton Bay in the 1840s and 1850s, and held substantial financial interests in the colony. He visited England briefly in the 1850s, where he married in 1857, returning to Moreton Bay in 1858. It is believed that on their return, the Bigges lived mainly at Cleveland, leaving Mt Brisbane in the hands of a manager. By 1868, Francis Bigge had three addresses listed in the Post Office directories: Mr Brisbane Station, Cleveland and Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The pastoralists of the Darling Downs and West Moreton adopted Ipswich (then called Limestone) as their main supply centre. However, the squatters&#39; interests at Ipswich ran counter to those who wanted Brisbane as the commercial centre and chief port of the region. Exports such as wool could be transported directly from Ipswich to Cleveland, thus bypassing the convict-tainted Brisbane with its river mouth blocked by a bar. Francis Bigge and other pastoralists invested heavily in the port of Cleveland. One 19th century commentator estimated that Bigge eventually spent £10,000 over two decades in efforts to develop Cleveland into an export outlet.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane versus Ipswich (and, by implication, Cleveland) argument was often heated. The Moreton Bay Courier of 14 January 1850 reported an Ipswich public meeting which called for a shift of the port to Cleveland. Francis Bigge thundered: "The ships for Great Britain would receive at Cleveland Point the produce of the country. They would there load their passengers who, as they passed up to Ipswich in the steamers, would give a cheer for dirty Brisbane".</p><br>
<p>Surveyor James Warner noted in 1841 that Cleveland offered the only apparently eligible site for a maritime township along this shore of Moreton Bay. By 1842 a track linked Cleveland with Coopers Plains, Ipswich and beyond. This may be the track reported to have been marked out by Francis Bigge and Arthur Hodgson of Eton Vale on the Darling Downs. However, it took another decade of squatter agitation for Cleveland to be officially surveyed.</p><br>
<p>The claims of Ipswich and the squatters were seemingly sunk by the well-known story of the visit to Cleveland by New South Wales Governor George Gipps in 1842, when he was forced to flounder through low-tide mud lying between the Shamrock and the shore. Brisbane offered a most attractive locality elevated upon the riverbank, but was hampered by the river mouth bar and sixteen miles of meandering river. Ipswich, although more easily accessed by the Darling Downs squatters was even further from the Bay. When the Governor became mired in Clevelands low-tide mudflats, so too were that centres claims. With the low-tide mudflats regarded as a more serious barrier to ship-borne trade and communications than the bar at the mouth of the Brisbane River, Brisbane gained the upper hand in its desire to become the principal port and the new colony&#39;s capital. Bigge and others pressed their claims regardless.</p><br>
<p>Bigge and others began to develop Cleveland despite a lack of official surveys. In June 1847 the Moreton Bay Courier reported that some private dwellings had been built. In the same year the first light was erected at Cleveland Point to guide shipping, and a stone jetty was completed. In 1849 Bigge built a large brick hotel. Standing empty for some years, it was known as "Bigges Folly", but today this building (with an additional storey and renovated) is now the heritage-listed Grand View Hotel. Although legend has it that Bigges Folly was erected initially as a private house, other accounts have it purpose-built as a hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1849 Bigge, John Balfour of Colinton and other squatters petitioned the New South Wales Governor to survey land already reserved for the Town of Cleveland. This survey was completed in 1850 and a town was proclaimed in December of that year. William Pettigrew noted at the time that: "The talk of late has been about Cleveland... All eyes are... set on Cleveland... A great many of the Sydney people are going to purchase land there as they are sure that Cleveland will become the chief port". At the first auction on 13 August 1851, eighty lots were offered for sale. This land would become the nucleus of the township of Cleveland, officially renamed from Emu Point in July 1851 for the Duke of Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>At this first land sale a number of Sydney people speculated in Cleveland allotments, including Edmund Tobias of Sydney who purchased several acres. Balfour and Bigge also bought heavily. Balfour&#39;s half a dozen allotments comprised over twenty acres, and Bigge purchased (or was a partner in) a dozen allotments totalling some seventeen acres.</p><br>
<h3>Late 19th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1852 Francis Bigge commissioned John Petrie to erect a store at Cleveland, and by March 1853 exports were expected to commence next boiling season. In 1853 Bigge built accommodation for his employees – the building at the corner of Paxton and Shore Streets later used as a courthouse and now a restaurant (the heritage-listed Old Cleveland Court House). However, the October 1853 sinking of the Countess of Derby when crossing the South Passage on her way to collect a large quantity of wool and tallow from Messrs Robert Graham & Co was a blow to Cleveland. Then fire in January 1854 destroyed the brig Courier and virtually its entire cargo of 400 bales of wool. This second disaster prompted Graham to abandon Cleveland, and move his headquarters to Brisbane. Despite these setbacks some further development continued.</p><br>
<p>The Moreton Bay Courier of 26 August 1854 reported that "heading from Bigges Folly towards the point, we passed two other substantial brick cottages... but both uninhabited". Published in 1859, Rambles at the Antipodes described Cleveland as "one of the most interesting spots in the neighbourhood... celebrated for some rather abortive attempts at the establishment of a more convenient shipping place than Brisbane itself". Clearly Clevelands time as potential port or colonial capital had passed, despite the efforts and expenditure by Bigge and others. The writer claimed, possibly erroneously, that Cassim&#39;s Hotel was very isolated, the nearest resident being a fellmonger, upon a creek four miles off. It is possible that a number of residences had been abandoned or were used only as summer houses.</p><br>
<p>An unsourced item probably dating from the early 1870s, held by the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, describes standing on a comparatively high background where there were two hotels and a few small cottages, and from there "a track sloped a short distance... to the lighthouse... Descending the slope, the first private dwelling on the right was a good-sized cottage, built and owned by Mr Bigge, who a few years previously had returned to England, whereupon his Cleveland retreat was much in favour with certain Brisbane families".</p><br>
<p>Francis Bigge occupied the land on which the Norfolk Island Pine trees stand, sometime between 1859 and 1863, if not earlier. The land comprised four allotments originally alienated in 1853: two purchased by Sydney speculator Edmund Tobias (allots 7 & 8, sec 6, Town of Cleveland), and two by Moreton Bay squatter John Balfour (allots 9 & 10, sec 6, Town of Cleveland). Bigge purchased allotments 9 & 10 from Balfour on 31 December 1859. Conveyance of allotments 7 & 8 from Tobias to Francis Edward Bigge of Cleveland was made in October 1863. It is likely that neither Tobias nor Balfour built upon their allotments, but Bigge had erected a house at Cleveland overlooking Moreton Bay by March 1864, apparently on the land he had acquired from Balfour and Tobias.</p><br>
<p>In March 1869 Bigge applied for a certificate of tile for allotments 9 and 10, by which time he had sold the property to politician and Darling Downs squatter Joshua Peter Bell of Jimbour Station. These two allotments comprised 2 roods 31 perches in total, and were valued at £800, suggesting that the property had been improved, and likely contained Bigge&#39;s residence. The property at this time was also subject to a lease from 1864 for 7 years, to a Mr Tubbs, but it is not known whether this applied to the whole of allotments 9 and 10. At the same time, Bigge also transferred allotments 7 & 8 to Bell. The total holding then comprised 1 acre 1 rood 11 perches.</p><br>
<p>JP Bell was one of the most influential men in Queensland, and in the 1870s was a co-founder of the Queensland National Bank. The Cleveland property remained in his ownership, apparently mainly tenanted, until his death in 1881. In 1882 title was transferred to William Finucane, who retained ownership for two-and-a-half decades.</p><br>
<p>Photographer William Boag travelled Queensland between 1870 and 1878 with his horse-drawn darkroom, undertaking commissions, photographing places across Queensland, and selling prints of "spec" photos. In November 1871 Boag travelled the southern shores of Moreton Bay. Amongst the photographs he took there is one showing a pair of Norfolk Island Pines – juvenile, but well above house height – standing where Shore Street begins to rise as it heads northwards to the Point. These are thought to be the two landmark Norfolk Island Pines on Bell&#39;s property. The same photograph shows several other denser trees surrounding the Norfolk Island Pines, which possibly includes the extant fig tree.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>A 1906 photograph taken from near the front of Cassims Cleveland Hotel, looking northwards towards Cleveland Point, shows the Norfolk Island Pines, one already split, towering over the surrounding tall vegetation. Subsequent photographs of the 1910s and later, confirm the pines local landmark status. These later photographs also clearly show the mature surrounding trees. It seems reasonable to assume, given the maturity of both the pines and adjacent trees in 1906, that it is these trees which were photographed in 1871.</p><br>
<p>The whole of the Shore Street property subsequently passed to Catherine Byrne in 1906. In 1911 the house and garden on just over 3 roods (allotments 9 & 10 and subdivision 2 of allotment 8 (now BUP103110)) were transferred to the Bernays family, who occupied it until Mrs Bernays death in 1949. An anonymous chronicler of Cleveland history whose memoirs are kept at the Redlands Library, wrote of how Mrs Bernays had every reason to be proud of her home and its beautiful garden, most of which had been planted by its previous owners. "She always used to tell me that she would never allow the Norfolk Island Pines to be cut down as they were such a guide to boatmen as they came to Blacks Jetty at night. She had often been thanked by the men after a wet night as the trees stood out against the background of the Brisbane light glare." Blacks Jetty extended into Moreton Bay from behind Cassims Cleveland Hotel, to the south of Mrs Bernay&#39;s property.</p><br>
<p>These landmark Norfolk Island Pines and their associated trees must be viewed in the context of the efforts by Francis Bigge, Balfour and others, during the 1840s and 1850s, to establish Cleveland as the leading port and export outlet for Darling Downs and Brisbane Valley produce. Already by 1906 the pines had grown to a landmark height, towering over the surrounding vegetation. It is not surprising that throughout the 20th century local mariners used the distinctive pair of trees as navigational guides.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Norfolk Island Pine trees are located at 127 Shore Street North, along the road leading to Cleveland Point, nearly halfway between the former Cleveland Hotel and Paxton Street, on the eastern side of the road. The trees</p><br>
<p>The maturity of the Norfolk Island Pine trees suggests that they were planted in the 19th century, and photographic and documentary evidence suggests that they are likely to date to the middle of the century, probably planted as a part of the 1860s garden surrounding Francis Bigge&#39;s cottage on Shore Street North – the site now occupied by Norfolk Pines home units.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Norfolk Island Pine Trees was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 November 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Norfolk pine trees are important because of their association with the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the attempts of Brisbane Valley and Darling Downs squatters to establish Cleveland as a port and colonial capital to rival Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Norfolk Island pine trees have a special significance for the seagoing community of Moreton Bay, as their prominent position has provided a navigational landmark for Moreton Bay sailors throughout the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The trees have a strong association with squatter Francis Edward Bigge, who was prominent in the serious, but failed, mid-19th century attempt to establish Cleveland as the principal port of Moreton Bay.</p><br>
<p>Dunwich Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Bingle Road, Dunwich, North Stradbroke Island in the City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1847 to 1952. It is also known as One Mile Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first burials at Dunwich cemetery are believed to date from 1847 and it is one of the earliest surviving cemeteries in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The European settlement of Stradbroke Island began in 1827 when a convict out-station was established at Dunwich to serve the Moreton Bay convict settlement based at Brisbane town. During 1827-28 a warehouse and accommodation for convict labourers, boatmen and soldiers were constructed. However, this settlement at Dunwich was short lived as problems with unloading goods in poor weather, smuggling, and hostile Aborigines, resulted in the closure of the out-station in 1831.</p><br>
<p>Between 1843 and 1847 the first Catholic Mission to Aborigines in the Australian colonies was established at Dunwich, with four Passionist Fathers occupying the former convict buildings. The mission failed, largely due to the poor state of the buildings in which it was accommodated, and the high degree of exposure of the indigenous peoples of Stradbroke Island to Europeans. However, Dunwich continued to be utilised by the government for a variety of institutional purposes for which its isolation rendered it particularly suitable, both for health reasons and in response to social and cultural values of the time.</p><br>
<p>Quarantine procedures were instituted in Australia in 1841 and in the following year Moreton Bay was thrown open to free settlement. In late 1849, in consideration of the numbers of free settlers who were expected arrive in Moreton Bay, the Colonial Secretary requested the Police Magistrate in Brisbane to suggest a suitable site for a quarantine station. North Stradbroke Island was proposed and in July 1850, Dunwich was gazetted as a quarantine area. At this time, some burials had already taken place at Dunwich, presumably at this site. The first is believed to be that of sailors from the ship Sovereign in 1847.</p><br>
<p>Within two months of the opening of the quarantine station, the ship Emigrant, with an outbreak of typhus on board, reached Moreton Bay. The ship was ordered into isolation at Dunwich, where a further 26 of its passengers died. They were buried at the cemetery, along with the Queensland Surgeon-General, Dr David Keith Ballow, and the ship&#39;s doctor, Dr George Mitchell, both of whom attended the immigrants.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 the quarantine station was transferred to Peel Island, and the Queensland government officially established the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum in the former quarantine buildings, although Asylum inmates were housed at Dunwich from as early as 1864. The Asylum accommodated the elderly, disabled or infirm who had no other means of support. At the time, institutionalisation was considered to be the appropriate treatment of those who were unable to fulfil a useful role in society. Accommodation on an island close to Brisbane, yet separated from it, effectively removed Asylum inmates from society and made administrative control easier. The isolation of the island also made it a useful place to treat conditions believed to be infectious and a lazaret was established at nearby Adam&#39;s Beach in 1892, where it remained until moved to Peel Island in 1907. From 1896 the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum housed inebriates. Consumptive patients were also taken until 1935, but were accommodated in isolation "camp".</p><br>
<p>In 1946-7 the Dunwich lands were subdivided and the remaining Asylum inmates, mainly aged people, were removed to the Eventide Home at Sandgate, occupying the site of the former RAAF Station Sandgate. All the Dunwich ward buildings were sold, dismantled and either moved to different sites within a newly surveyed Dunwich township, or removed to the mainland for government purposes. In June 1947 the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum was officially closed and the area was redeveloped for residential and other private purposes. In the 80 years spanning 1867-1947, 8,426 former inmates of the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum were buried in the Dunwich Cemetery. Those buried are believed to include many who were descended from the traditional owners of Stradbroke Island.</p><br>
<p>After cleaning up the grounds in late 1947, control of the cemetery, which was on Crown Land, passed to the Department of Health and Home Affairs, though it was a matter of some dispute as to who should be responsible for its maintenance. It was not an official cemetery reserve and proposals to proclaim it as such were suspended in 1949, as Trustees had to be appointed. The cemetery was officially closed to further burials in 1952. Though a local, Power Irvine Nelson Dickson, acted as an honorary caretaker in the 1950s, the cemetery gradually fell into disrepair as headstones and grave markers suffered from vandalism and theft.</p><br>
<p>In 1970 the Redland Shire Council agreed to become Trustees for the cemetery, providing that the government carried out the necessary survey. This was completed in 1973 and on 13 April 1974 the area was officially gazetted as a cemetery reserve with the Redland Shire Council as Trustees.</p><br>
<p>Restoration work was carried out on the cemetery in 1987/88 with the aid of Bicentennial grants and plans were made for a memorial wall. This was constructed of bricks from the former Asylum laundry, which had been demolished, by the sand-mining company Consolidated Rutile Limited, in honour of all the inmates lying in unmarked graves. Nameplates have been attached to it as the names of those buried have been confirmed by research.</p><br>
<p>A metal sign listing the names of the 26 immigrants buried at Dunwich was unveiled in the cemetery in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Dunwich Cemetery overlooks Moreton Bay and is bounded to the west by a camping area. It is otherwise circled by Flinders Avenue, Bingle Road, East Coast Road and Yabby Street: a section on the north west faces a jetty. The reserve comprises an open grassed area scattered with mature trees and extends over 3.295 hectares. The cemetery is thought to contain approximately 10,000 burials, largely those of inmates of the Benevolent Asylum, though most of these are unmarked.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery reserve is entered from Flinders Avenue on the south through a gateway at the centre of a brick columbarium. In the north western corner are a cluster of memorials including those of the 26 passengers from the Emigrant, which are identified only by metal trefoil markers and a modern metal sign bearing all their names. Nearby are the graves of Dr David Ballow and Dr George Mitchell who attended them. The memorial over the Ballow grave is in the form of a sarcophagus and that over the Mitchell burial a stone obelisk; metal railings enclose both. There is also a memorial to Dr Patrick Smith, the first Medical Superintendent of the Benevolent Institution from 1885 to 1900 and sundry other memorials.</p><br>
<p>Near these memorials is a triangular brick structure, enclosed by a metal railing and bearing nameplates. This is constructed of bricks from the old Asylum laundry and commemorates those lying in unmarked graves.</p><br>
<p>There is also a cluster of memorials on the north east side of the cemetery and scattered across the reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Dunwich Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Dunwich Cemetery is one of the earliest surviving cemeteries in Queensland and is associated with the early European settlement of North Stradbroke Island and the Moreton Bay Region. The burials of passengers from the 1850 typhus epidemic aboard the Emigrant and those of the doctors who treated them are evidence for the early use of North Stradbroke Island as a quarantine station. The large number of burials of inmates of the Benevolent Asylum between 1867 and 1946 link the cemetery to this important phase in the history of the Island. They are evidence for 19th and early 20th century government policies and community values regarding health and social welfare that determined the isolation of the poor, elderly, infirm and diseased from the mainstream of society.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The reserve has a long association with the community of Stradbroke Island and has particular significance to the descendants of those buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Rockwell Kent Cottage and Studio are a pair of historic buildings associated with the artist Rockwell Kent on Monhegan Island off the coast of the United States state of Maine. Built in 1906 and 1910 by Kent, they are an important reminder of his presence on the island. Both properties were later owned by artist James E. Fitzgerald, and now serve as a museum displaying his works. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rockwell Kent Cottage and Studio occupy two discontiguous parcels of land on the north side of Horn Hill Road, overlooking the village on Monhegan Island. The cottage is a Cape style single-story wood-frame structure, with a side gable roof and shingled exterior. Short ells extend to either side from the gable ends. The main facade faces south, and is three bays wide, with the entrance in the rightmost bay, framed by sidelight windows.</p><br>
<p>The studio is located about 800 ft from the cottage, down a winding path. It is a slightly larger building, also a single story, with a gable-on-hip roof on its main block, with lower sections extending from the narrow ends. While the cottage is essentially vernacular in style, the studio has some distinctive Shingle style features, with a porch-like entry recessed under a hip roof on one of the ells. A wall dormer rises on the north side of the building, making space for a large picture window providing light to the studio space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The buildings are two of four that were designed by Rockwell Kent during the years he spent on the island. The cottage was built in 1906, its design and construction overseen by Kent, whose formal training included architecture and design. He built a similar cottage for a neighbor (since altered), and another small house for his mother. In 1910 Kent built the studio, in part as a place to operate an art school in partnership with an art school friend, Julius Golz. It is here that Kent painted some of his best-known works, including Toilers of the Sea, Winter-Monhegan Island, and Down to the Sea.</p><br>
<p>Kent left the island in 1910, selling the cottage, which was rented to his cousin Alice Kent Stoddard, a fellow artist. He repurchased it in 1948, when he again spent several years on the island. In 1952, James E. Fitzgerald purchased the studio and six years later purchased the house. Upon Fitzgeralds death in 1971, his buildings and artwork were inherited by Edgar and Anne Hubert, who were his patrons and friends. Fitzgeralds estate, including the buildings, were bequeathed to the Monhegan Museum and Library upon Anne Hubert&#39;s death in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>During the summer, the historic house museum is open to the public on a limited basis to view the works of Fitzgerald. A symposium was held on the 100th anniversary of the building&#39;s construction in 2007. The Kent Collector intended to publish papers from the symposium. It is produced by the Rockwell Kent Archives at the SUNY Plattsburgh Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>The A. B. Leavitt House is a historic house on Main Street  in the Sherman Mills village of Sherman, Maine. Built in 1890, the house is a high-quality and well-preserved example of Gothic Revival mail-order architecture, being a nearly-intact and faithful rendition of a design pattern published by the architectural firm of Palliser, Palliser & Company, deviating only in the addition of a carriage house. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Leavitt House is set on the north side of Maine State Route 158, at the northwest corner with Gardner Street. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, roughly rectangular in plan, with a multi-gable roof, clapboard and decorative shingle siding, and a three-story pyramid-roofed tower. The gables are steeply pitched, with vergeboard decoration. The front facade has a projecting bay window at the first level, sheltered by a shed roof supported by large brackets; above this in the gable are a pair of sash windows. Immediately to the right is the main entrance, sheltered by a similar shed-roof porch supported by turned posts. The toweris behind the main entrance, and there is next a gable section similar to the front facade on the right side. Behind this is a secondary entrance similar to the main one, a smaller gable section, and the carriage house, a 2-1/2 story structure with two bays and a gable-roofed square cupola. The only notable alterations to the exterior have been the removal of cresting from the roof, and the reconstruction of the chimney.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1890 by Chester Coburn, a local contractor, for Alva P. Leavitt, a local wheelwright and blacksmith. The house is a faithful execution of Design #28 of an architectural pattern book published by the Bridgeport, Connecticut architectural firm Palliser, Palliser & Company. The notable deviation from the plans is the addition of the carriage house, which Coburn executed using stylistically similar elements to those present in the pattern. The house is one of the finest known examples of mail-order architecture in the entire state.</p><br>
<p>The Robertson Quarry Galamander is a rare surviving example of a specialized stone-hauling vehicle. It is located in a small public park on the east side of Maine State Route 182 at its junction with Grist Mill Road in Franklin, Maine. It is the only known surviving intact example of the form, which was used widely in Maine&#39;s granite quarries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The galamander is a wagon-like conveyance, about 18 ft long and 6 ft wide. It has four wooden spoked wheels, the rear pair 6 ft in diameter and the front ones 4 ft. The wheels have iron hubs and the wearing surface is also finished in iron. The "frame" of the wagon is a single large wooden beam, to which the rear axle assembly and a front swivel mount for the front axle are attached. A simple seat with a metal spring is fastened above the front axle, and a derrick consisting of a single tapered beam is attached to a swivel mount above the rear axle. The derrick was used (in conjunction with a block and tackle) to raise slabs of stone onto and off the galamander. The wagon is braked by friction pads on the rear wheels which are activated by a lever controlled by the driver. The galamander would have been drawn by a team of horses or oxen. It is presently set in a display configuration under a gable-roofed shelter in a small municipal park, along with interpretive panels explaining its historical use.</p><br>
<p>This galamander is one of only two known to survive from Maines quarries. The other, the Vinalhaven Galamander in Vinalhaven, Maine, is a 1960s reconstruction of one that was deemed in too poor condition to restore completely. The exact origin of the galamanders creation is not known, but they were in common use in Maine&#39;s mid-coastal granite quarries from the late 19th century into the early 20th century, with one historian crediting their development to Rev. W. H. Littlefield of Vinalhaven. This galamander was recovered from a local quarry in 1965.</p><br>
<p>Son&#39;s Chapel is a historic church at 5480 East Mission in Fayetteville, Arkansas. It is a single-story rustic fieldstone structure, with front-gable roof and a squat square tower set off to one side. Built between 1933 and 1937, the building is an interesting and unusual mix of Gothic and Romanesque styles, with windows set under Romanesque arches, and the tower with a crenellated parapet. The church is the second for the congregation, which was established c. 1848 on land donated by Michael Son.</p><br>
<p>The known history of this area starts in approximately 1842. By the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, this land of 160 acres was in a tract issued to a Choctaw man, Ah-To-Chubee. After his death, the land was deposited in the general land office in Fayetteville.</p><br>
<p>Michael Son was born in Virginia and his wife Nancy (born in South Carolina) in the late 1770s. They, and other Son family members migrated to NW Arkansas via Kentucky and Missouri, and were issued a patent to 40 acres of the land in 1848. This community is called "Sons Chapel" after the two brothers: Michael & Abram Son, who settled here, in what was wooded farmland. The Sons built a home and in 1852, being good community citizens, conveyed about 2 acres of land, for $2, to the Methodist Protestant Church, for a cemetery and church yard. A log chapel, called "Son&#39;s Chapel", was built on the north end of the cemetery and was used for both church activities and a community school. Three different denominations held services there in the early days as well as various community groups who also used the building.</p><br>
<p>When the small log building could no longer serve the needs of a growing farm community, a frame school house was built across the road (behind the current chapel) and discussion started about how a community center could be built.</p><br>
<p>The Rural Builders Association, formed in 1922, still supports the care and maintenance of the building through fund raising efforts. Son&#39;s Chapel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as of 2006. The bronze plaque is mounted outside the front door.</p><br>
<p>The Son&#39;s Chapel Cemetery across the street has acquired several more tracts of land to attain its present size and is one of the oldest cemeteries in the county. While no "famous" people are buried there, there are many old pioneer graves, and some unmarked graves, whether pauper, slave or Indian. It is still an active cemetery with its own Board of Trustees, who holds an annual workday and Memorial Service on Memorial Day week-end. Nancy Son, wife of Michael Son is the only Son buried there. Michael Son is buried with his brother in Missouri. In the mid 19th Century, the City of Fayetteville built the County Poor Farm adjacent to the Cemetery and most probably buried some indigents in unmarked graves. The "Poor Farm" was here until relocated to Mt. Comfort in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Bibliography:</p><br>
<p>The History of Son&#39;s Chapel by Trisha Beland, presented to WCHS in 2007</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Patapsco Valley is a small valley surrounding the Patapsco River in central Maryland. The region is known for its historical significance as a major economic and industrial center in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Patapsco Valley follows the Patapsco River, a major river flowing into the Chesapeake Bay. The valley is mostly wooded with various steep elevations as the valley travels north. The valley begins in Elkridge Landing and runs north through a number of mill town communities until the river splits into two segments. Liberty Dam and its reservoir, located on the North Branch, is a major component of the Baltimore city water system. Besides Baltimore, the river also flows past Ellicott City (the county seat of Howard County) and Elkridge. The South Branch of the river flows east from its source in Marriottsville, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Patapsco Valley State Park is adjacent to 32 mi of the Patapsco and its branches, encompassing a total of 14,000 acre in five different areas. The river cuts a gorge 100–200 feet (35–70 m) deep within the park, which features rocky cliffs and tributary waterfalls.</p><br>
<p>The valley contains the communities of Catonsville, Ellicott City, Elkridge, Woodstock, Daniels, Hanover, and many others.</p><br>
<p>The valley is drained by the Patapsco River and its tributaries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Smith was the first European to explore the river noting it on his 1612 map as the Bolus River. The "Red river", was named after the clay color, and is considered the "old Bolus", as other branches were also labelled Bolus on maps. As the river was not navigable beyond Elkridge, it was not a major path of commerce with only one ship listed as serving the northern branch, and four others operating around the mouth in 1723. The Patapsco valley was used as the route of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad&#39;s original main line west constructed from 1829 onwards, and this route remains, though much altered. Many old railroad bridges were constructed in the valley, most notably the Thomas Viaduct and the Patterson Viaduct, of which ruins remain. Flour mills and a hydropower dam were formerly powered by the river.</p><br>
<p>The valley is prone to flooding, though at long intervals. Modern floods include the 1868 a flood washed away 14 houses killing 39 around Ellicott City. A 1923 flood topped bridges. In 1952 an eight-foot wall of water swept the shops of Ellicott City and a 1956 flood inflicted heavy damage at the Bartigis Brothers plant. The most recent severe flood occurred in 1972 as a result of rainfall from the remnants of Hurricane Agnes, in which Ellicott City and the Old Main Line sustained serious damage.</p><br>
<p>The mouth of the Patapsco River forms Baltimore harbor, the site of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. This is where Francis Scott Key, while aboard a British ship, wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner," a poem later set to music as the national anthem of the United States. Today, a red, white, and blue buoy marks the spot where the HMS Tonnant was anchored.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Patapsco Valley is considered to be a major hub for wildlife in Central Maryland. In fact, it is noted as habitat hub and corridor by the Howard County Green infrastructure network. Conservation efforts have been made to protect this status through preservation easements along the Patapsco Valley State Park interface. The headquarters of the Howard County Conservancy is located in the upper valley in the town of Woodstock.</p><br>
<p>The valley is home to typical flora and fauna found in Central Maryland. Numerous sightings of the American black bear have been reported in the state park and surrounding area. In 2016, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources Police filmed a sighting in Catonsville, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kampeska is a 5,250 acre inland glacial lake in the USA state of South Dakota. It is located west-northwest of Watertown, South Dakota and lies entirely within Codington County and the Coteau des Prairies. The lake is naturally shaped and the most urban developed lake in South Dakota with approximately 13.5 mi of residential shoreline. Lake Kampeska is connected to the Big Sioux River through a single inlet-outlet channel located on the northeast side. It is the third largest natural lake within the borders of South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kampeska is well-known for its depictions in art from wildlife and nature artists such as Terry Redlin, John Greene, John Wilson, and Joshua Spies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is known in the expressive language of the Dakotas as Lake Kampeska, signifying the "Lake of the Shining Shells."</p><br>
<p>Famous pathfinder John C. Fremont and scientist Joseph Nicollet explored this region of Dakota Territory approximately in May or June 1838. In their undated notes they described the area as the "lake country of the coteau prairie." Some of their findings appear to be second hand accounts of the area. However, the expedition failed to include some of the lakes of the area on their map including, Kampeska.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kampeskas settlement predates Watertown and statehood of South Dakota. Initially founded as Kampeska City, modern-day Codington Countys borders were drawn in such a way that Lake Kampeska would be at the geographical epicenter of the county. Chicago and Northwestern Railroad operated near Lake Kampeska beginning in 1873.</p><br>
<p>Codington, a Congregational clergyman, carved out the geographical location for the purpose of making the area a county-seat town. Kampeska City was the county-seat of Lake Kampeska County, until July 19, 1878, when a vote of the people removed the county-seat to Watertown after the railroad reactivated a line through that area. At the time of the vote, Watertown was not in fact a town.</p><br>
<p>Towards the end of the 1870s, the northern shore of Lake Kampeska was designated by Arthur C. Mellette and territorial officials to serve as the location of the Capitol Building. However, when Benjamin Harrison signed South Dakota into statehood, the designation was changed to the geographic center of the state.</p><br>
<p>The name Kampeska is not associated with founders of Watertown, the Kemp family.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Lake Kampeska is a popular site for recreational activities including fishing, sail boating, biking, swimming, waterskiing, camping, and picnicking.</p><br>
<p>Public access to Lake Kampeska has locations on the north, east, south (State Recreation Area), and west shores of the lake. Lake Kampeska has one state park, Sandy Shores, one county owned park, Memorial Park, and two city owned parks, Jackson Park and Stokes-Thomas City Park.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kampeska also has 15 miles of bike trails that parallel it. Two golf courses also border the lake; Prairie Winds Golf Course to the south and Cattail Crossing Golf Course to the south-east.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kampeska is primarily managed as a Walleye and Smallmouth Bass fishery. Lake Kampeska contains black bullhead, black crappie, white crappie, bluegill, carp, channel catfish, smallmouth bass, white bass, northern pike, sunfish, rock bass, walleye, white sucker, yellow bullhead, and yellow perch.</p><br>
<h2>Boating</h2><br>
<p>Boats of all sizes and horsepowers may be legally launched on Lake Kampeska. There is a no-wake zone in Hidden Valley on the east side of the lake. Although there are some sailboat enthusiasts who recreate on the lake, motorboats are in the clear majority in regard to quantity.</p><br>
<p>The lake is also home to the Kampeska Yacht Club, which hosts the annual sail boating competition, the Kampeska Cup Regatta.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>Lake Kampeska briefly experienced problems with pollution from fertilizer and surface runoff until the 1990s. Although pollution remains an ongoing issue, conditions have improved and water quality is now closely monitored.</p><br>
<p>A weir installed on the inlet-outlet channel of Lake Kampeska is intended to slow the input of sediments to the lake basin. When the Big Sioux River is high, water enters Lake Kampeska. Conversely, when the water level in Lake Kampeska is higher than the Big Sioux River and above the weir, water exits Lake Kampeska through the v-notch.</p><br>
<p>The lake has experienced catastrophic flooding from rapid snow melts in recent years. In 1997, flooding of Lake Kampeska drew attention of the White House, sending then-USA Vice President Al Gore to visit the flooding.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture & art</h2><br>
<p>Terry Redlin painted numerous artworks featuring landmarks of the area, such as Lake Kampeska Lodge, Sandy Shores, Memorial Park, and homes along the lake. Many of the paintings of the lake have received national interest, featured in Ducks Unlimited and on the cover of Farmer Magazine. Redlin fished on the lake since childhood and owned a home on Lake Kampeska until 2007. Among others, Nancy Turbak Berry, Fred H. Hildebrandt, Doron Jensen, and Arthur C. Mellette have previously maintained residences on the lake. Artists such as John Wilson, John Greene, and Joshua Spies have also used Lake Kampeska as inspiration for their respective artwork.</p><br>
<p>According to popular legend, the Lake Kampeska Monster, possibly a lake sturgeon existed in excess of 7 ft. However, there have been no sightings since the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Ukkadam Lake  is a lake in Ukkadam, Coimbatore, South India. It is spread over an area of 1.295 km&sup2; and has an average depth of 5.82 m. In 2010, the lake was taken over by Coimbatore Corporation on a 90-year lease from the Public Works Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is fed by canals derived from Noyyal river. The lake also receives water from Selvachinthamani lake located upstream in the north and drain water. The lake has an outlet connecting it with Valankulam lake. The water can be released through four sluice gates located on the south side of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>As per a study conducted in 2003-04, the lake had 36 genera of zooplankton including of 8 genera of protozoa and 6 genera of Rotifera with increased eutrophication of the lake. Species Diversity Index of zooplankton population ranged from 1.74 to 3.63 across the year with maximum before the beginning of the summer and end of South-west monsoon.</p><br>
<p>As per a study on bird diversity conducted in 2013, about 48 species of avifauna belonging to 20 families were recorded. Most species were recorded in March before the start of summer and was the least in the winter months of November and December. Highest bird population was observed in the months of January and February. Various birds including little grebes, painted storks and purple moorhen can be spotted in this lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Fishing is carried out by local fishermen and enthusiasts. In the 2000s, due to encroachment and the fishes were infected with metals and pathogens from polluted waste water discharged from the sewage. The local fishermen requested the lake to be cleaned up to ensure healthy fish population.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental concerns</h2><br>
<p>The lake became contaminated with effluents from sewage release from the city and was encroached by water hyacinth. In 2010, Coimbatore Corporation unveiled a plan to De-silt the lake and clear the encroachments. The corporation hired external consultants and suggested public-private-partnership model for the development of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Beautification</h2><br>
<p>In 2015, the Coimbatore corporation announced a beautification project at the cost. The civic body planned to lay a 1.2 km stretch of road exclusively for two-wheelers and beautify the tank bund by installing solar powered lamps and steel fences. The road was inaugurated on June 8, 2015 by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and helped ease traffic congestion in Ukkadam area.It is also known as Marine drive of coimbatore</p><br>
<p>Tarang, also known as OKeefes Island is a small island in the main harbor of Yap Island in the Federated States of Micronesia. It is located roughly in the center of the harbor east of Colonia, the Yapese capital, between Pekel and Bi Islands. It is a low island with a maximum height of about 22 ft, and is overgrown with tropical vegetation. The island has local historical importance as the home of Captain David OKeefe, an enterprising American who arrived on Yap in the 1870s, and was responsible for not only significant economic growth, but also for the depreciation of the distinctive Yapese currency, the large rai stones which became devalued after OKeefe introduced iron tools that made manufacture of the stones easier. O&#39;Keefe settled on Tarang, where he had a boat landing, coal warehouse, and house. Of these structures, only the boat landing has survived; only foundations survive of the others.</p><br>
<p>The island was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1976, a time when Yap was part of the US-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.</p><br>
<p>Thompsons Bridge is a historic stone bridge in rural Franklin County, Maine. Built c. 1808, it is one of a very small number of surviving stone lintel bridges in the state, a type that were once quite common. It carries a local dirt road across Josiah Creek in the Allens Mills section of Industry, and is located near  the border with neighboring Somerset County. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The bridge abutments consist of local fieldstone arranged in dry laid courses. The main span consists of large granite slabs laid across the narrow opening between the abutments. A layer of earth is built above these slabs, supporting the dirt roadway, which is about 10 ft wide. The southern abutment has extensive wingwalls, giving that structure a total width of about 20 ft.</p><br>
<p>The road which the bridge carries was probably laid out in 1808, during the early period of Industrys settlement. John Thompson had a house and established a grist mill nearby in 1805. The area had been abandoned by the late 19th century, and the roadway south of the bridge is unmaintained and in deteriorated condition. In a 1924 survey, the state identified more than 100 of this type of bridge; as of 1987, only three were known to survive in relatively unaltered condition. The bridge is also one of the town of Industrys oldest structures; its oldest surviving building has an estimated construction date of 1820.</p><br>
<p>Rural Hall is a historic community meeting place on Surry Road  in Surry, Maine. Built in 1871-76, Rural Hall has been the principal social meeting point for the small rural community of East Surry. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 for its importance in the social history of the community.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rural Hall is set facing south on the south side of Surry Road, about 1 mi east of the village center of Surry. It is a long rectangular wood frame structure, with a front-gable roof, clapboard siding, and a stone foundation. It is set facing away from the road because the road alignment at the time of its construction 1871-76 was to the south. Its main facade is three bays wide, with a central entrance sheltered by an enclosed vestibuled under a hip roof. The entry is flanked by paired narrow sash windows, a form repeated above the entrance in the gable end. Similar window pairs line the sides of the building. The rear, which now faces the road, has no windows and a single doorway sheltered by a bracketed gable-roof hood. The interior of the building, beyond the vestibule, is an open auditorium, with portable wooden benches and a raised stage at the north end. A balcony, probably added late in the 19th century, extends across the southern end of the hall. Part of the balcony is taken up by a small kitchen area, added in the 1940s, from which food can be delivered to the lower level via a dumbwaiter. An area under the balcony has been enclosed for use as a bathroom. The building retains its original heating system—a wood stove with a long chimney pipe.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Rural Hall had its genesis in the 1868 meeting of a local sewing circle, at which it was decided to raise funds for construction of a community hall. The Rural Hall Association was formed in 1870, and funds raised by subscription. The building&#39;s construction between 1871 and 1876 was chronicled by the local historian, who also donated the land on which it was built. The hall has been used since its construction by a wide variety of local social groups.</p><br>
<p>Cleggan Bay  is a natural ocean bay in County Galway, Republic of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cleggan Bay is opened between Cleggan Head (on its north side) and Rossadilsk strand, in the Aughrus Peninsula (south). On the western side of the bay are located Inishbofin and Inishark islands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Near Cleggan bay is a collection of prehistoric monuments (tombs, standing stones and walls); quite well known among them is the Cleggan Court tomb, on the north side of the bay.</p><br>
<p>In October 1927, in what became known as the Cleggan Bay Disaster, 26 local fishermen drowned during a storm in Cleggan Bay. A nearby village lost several people and was subsequently abandoned. Nine men from Inishbofin and other men from County Mayo were also lost. The disaster is remembered in stories, poems and on stone markers.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Cleggan is reached by R379 road. From Cleggan pier, built in 1822 and extended in 1908, ferries leave daily for Inishbofin (Galway), and there is also a ferry to Inishturk.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>On the north side of the bay the Cleggan Head walk allow hikers to visit the area and crossing some private properties.</p><br>
<p>Cleggan bay is also concerned by the Mayo to Clare section of the Wild Atlantic Way.</p><br>
<p>The Clarke–Harrell–Burson House is a historic house at 603 Parkview in Van Buren, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood frame structure with Greek Revival styling, built about 1841, and is believed to have been the first non-log house built in the area known as Logtown that is now part of the city of Van Buren. The house is locally notable for several prominent residents: George Washington Clarke was the publisher of Arkansass first newspaper west of Little Rock, the Intelligencer, which began publication in 1842 and was taken over by Clarke in 1844. The houses next owner, the Rev. Jonathan Harrell, was the first Methodist minister in the region, and a founding member of the Arkansas Methodist conference. Later in the 19th century it was owned by Dr. Edward Burson, a veteran of the American Civil War and a prominent local dentist.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Drennen-Scott House is a historic house museum on North 3rd Street in Van Buren, Arkansas. It is a single-story log structure, finished in clapboards, with a side-gable roof that has a slight bell-cast shape due to the projection of the roof over the front porch that extends across the width of its main block. The house was built in 1836 by John Drennen, one of Van Buren&#39;s first settlers. Drennen and his brother-in-law David Thompson were responsible for platting the town, and Drennen was politically active, serving in the territorial and state legislatures, and at the state constitutional convention. The house remained in the hands of Drennen descendants until it was acquired by the University of Arkansas at Fort Smith, which operates it as a house museum.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Provender House is a historic home in Norton near Faversham in Kent, England. It is privately owned but open for tours on certain days, and the house is also used for weddings and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The home is situated on Provender Lane in Norton, which is located in the Swale district of Kent. It has been listed as Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England since 27 August 1952.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1342 for Lucas de Vienne, the Chief Archer to Edward, the Black Prince. Additional extensions were built from the 15th to the 19th centuries. At one stage, it was owned by the Knatchbull-Hugueson family.</p><br>
<p>The widowed Constance Borgström née Paterson (from Finland) started to live there as renter in the 1890s. She was the widow of the wealthy Finnish businessman, consul Eemeli Borgström, one of the younger sons of Councillor H. Borgström and his wife Karoliina née Kjemmer, and member of that important Finnish banking family who had been in contact with English business circles since Councillor Borgström was trained as a youth in a British merchant company in the very early 1800s.</p><br>
<p>One of Constance&#39;s daughters, Sylvia McDougall née Borgström (a Finnish-born heiress who was married to a British man, Colonel Herbert McDougall), purchased the house and its land in 1912. Since then, the house has been inherited from mother to daughter.</p><br>
<p>Sylvia McDougalls eldest daughter and heiress was Nadine McDougall (1908–2000), who became the second wife of Prince Andrew of Russia (1897–1981). He was the eldest son of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, eldest sister of the last Tsar. The house became Prince Andrews main residence in exile from 1950.</p><br>
<p>The current owner is their daughter, Princess Olga Andreevna Romanoff. She has three surviving children. During the ownership of Princess Olga, the house was refurbished in the 2000s by architect Ptolemy Dean.</p><br>
<p>Christ Episcopal Church, or simply Christ Church, is an historic church building located in Burlington, Iowa, United States. It is a part of the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa, and is a contributing property in the Heritage Hill Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the opening of what is now eastern Iowa to American settlement in 1832, the town of Flint Hills was established the following year along the shores of the Mississippi River. The name "Shoquoquon", or Flint Hills, had been given to the area by the Sauk and Meskwaki tribes. Three years after the town was founded, the Right Rev. Jackson Kemper, Missionary Bishop of the Northwest, met an attorney named David Rorer, on the steamboat Olive Branch. Rorer was on his way to set up a practice in the young town and he convinced the bishop to establish a mission there. The towns name had been changed to Burlington in 1838 and the bishop established a mission of the Episcopal Church the same year. The Rev. John Bachelder from Rhode Island volunteered to serve the station and on March 15, 1839 he held the first service in Old Zion Church, Burlingtons only religious building at that time. The mission was organized into a parish the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Methodists continued to allow the Episcopalians to use Old Zion for their services in the parish&#39;s early years. The vestry acquired the property at Fifth and High Streets in 1849 and built a church. The same year it adopted the name Christ Church. As the congregation continued to grow the vestry looked to buy a different property to build a new church. After several years and some conflict over a new site, they decided to tear down the old church in 1884 and build a new one at the same location. The present church was completed the following year and consecrated by the Right Rev. William Stevens Perry, Bishop of Iowa, on May 16, 1886.</p><br>
<p>The church was destroyed by a fire in 1973. The stone walls were all that were left standing. The Flemish carillon, pipe organ and the church&#39;s records were all destroyed. Christ Church also lost its priceless collection of stained glass windows with the exception of the resurrection window that was located above the Altar. Sunday services were held at First Presbyterian Church while the church building was rebuilt using its original stone walls.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Christ Church was designed by Burlington architect Charles A. Dunham in the Romanesque Revival style. It was constructed by a Mr. Phelps and the stone work was done by a Mr. Smith. The interior walls were decorated by Burlington artist W.H. Johnson, who was also responsible for decorating First Baptist Church. The east wall featured a large stained glass window from Chicago. The side windows were designed and made by the church&#39;s rector, the Rev. Dr. Johnson. The exterior of the church is composed of local limestone. It is laid in tandem courses of rubble masonry. The structure also features a unique round tower that terminates in a square belfry, and it is capped with a high pitched gabled roof. The parish house was built in 1901 and it reflected the church in its style and composition.</p><br>
<p>With the exception of a dormer on the north side, the church building&#39;s exterior was completely restored after the 1973 fire. Prominent buttresses were added to the side walls to stabilize the weight of the roof. The congregation obtained impressive stained glass windows from an Anglican church in England from the Redundant Churches Program. The program encourages the adaptive use or preservation of unused church properties.</p><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic church building located in Fort Madison, Iowa, United States. It is a part of the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa, and is a contributing property in the Park-to-Park Residential Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1847 as Hope Episcopal Church. They built the brick, Gothic Revival-style church on a stone foundation in 1857. Burlington architect Charles A. Dunham designed the renovation of the church in 1886, and electric lights were added two years later. A rectory to house the parish priest was built from 1889 to 1890. It was torn down sometime around 1958. The choir room in the church was enlarged and opened to the sanctuary in 1896. In 1905 the congregation changed its name to St. Luke&#39;s. The sanctuary floor was lowered and other remodeling projects were completed in 1925. The parish house was added to the rear of the church from 1928 to 1929. It was designed by Fort Madison architect Robin Carswell and constructed by Alhen Brothers contractors. Another extensive remodeling of the church occurred in the late 1940s or early 1950s. The church office addition was constructed in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Covey Swamp Creek  is a tributary of Spring Brook in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 2.2 mi long and flows through Moosic. Dams in the watershed of the creek include the Glenwood Lake Dam, the Covey Dam, and the Stark Dam. All three dams have associated reservoirs. The creek is a small mountain stream.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Covey Swamp Creek begins on a hill in Moosic, not far from Scranton. It flows northwest for a few tenths of a mile, off the hill, before turning west-southwest for more than a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the left. The creek then turns south-southwest for a short distance before entering Glenwood Lake. It northwest for several tenths of a mile before turning west, crossing Interstate 476, and reaching its confluence with Spring Brook.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Covey Swamp Creek is 709 ft above sea level. The elevation of the creek&#39;s source is between 1,080 and above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Covey Swamp Creek is a small mountain stream. Its headwaters are on Moosic Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Covey Swamp Creek is dammed by the Glenwood Lake Dam. It is a small dam that is in poor condition as of 1981. The Covey Reservoir and the Stark Reservoir are also in the watershed.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>Covey Swamp Creek is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Avoca.</p><br>
<p>Covey Swamp Creek drains a swamp known as Covey Swamp. It also drains a glen known as Rocky Glen. The swamp is situated at an elevation of 1,060 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Covey Swamp Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on January 1, 1990. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1202402. The creek appears on Patton&#39;s Philadelphia and Suburbs Street and Road Map, which was published in 1984. It is for this reason that it was added to the Geographic Names Information System.</p><br>
<p>The Covey Creek Coal Company was incorporated in 1900 in Moosic. Two dams in the watershed of Covey Swamp Creek were approved in 1917: Covey Dam and Stark Dam. Both were owned by the Spring Brook Water Supply Company.</p><br>
